The town remained completely white for decades, and its public schools did not desegregate until 1992, when the school districts of two small interracial communities nearby consolidated with the larger district. California voters have now received their mail ballots, and the November 8 general election has entered its final stage. Even in states with sparse Black populations and very few documented racial terror lynchings, violent attacks terrorized small and vulnerable Black communities. They had to have a license to kill anything but a nigger, explained one African American man from the Mississippi Delta. Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Maryland, Missouri, Ohio, Oklahoma, and West Virginia. Such theories were used to legitimate and reinforce racial hierarchy. He was arrested and about to be lynched by a mob in Smith County, Tennessee, when at the last moment he broke free and escaped. As such, we are devoted to the humane, efficient, high quality care of animals in our shelter. The thousands of African Americans lynched between 1880 and 1950 differed in many respects, but in most cases, the circumstances of their murders can be categorized as one or more of the following: (1) lynchings that resulted from a wildly distorted fear of interracial sex; (2) lynchings in response to casual social transgressions; (3) lynchings based on allegations of serious violent crime; (4) public spectacle lynchings; (5) lynchings that escalated into large-scale violence targeting the entire African American community; and (6) lynchings of sharecroppers, ministers, and community leaders who resisted mistreatment, which were most common between 1915 and 1940. In addition, adult dogs have been tested for heartworms. Despite their advances, the racially diverse Reconstruction governments faced significant challenges. Alliance Defending Freedom is Suing CVS - Add Your Name to Our Petition. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. During the Civil War, Jackson County was the scene of several engagements, the most notable of which was the Battle of Westport in 1864, sometimes referred to as "the Gettysburg of Missouri". DONATE NOW! White Southern identity was grounded in a belief that whites are inherently superior to African Americans; following the war, whites reacted violently to the notion that they would now have to treat their former human property as equals and pay for their labor. Nonresidents pay 0.5%. The outnumbered Black forces waved white flags in surrender, but the assault continued; numerous unarmed Black men who hid in the courthouse or attempted to flee were shot and killed. By 1919, 310 chapters boasted 91,203 members nationwide.238 Black scholar and activist W. E. B. But because it is an appellate court ruling, it might be given weight by district courts outside of the Fifth Circuit considering challenges to CFPB enforcement actions. From creation, to legal review, and publishing, codified law provides local governments and citizens with a body of current, enforceable regulations in a way that makes the laws easy to use and reference. Jackson County is located in the western portion of the U.S. state of Missouri.As of the 2020 census, the population was 717,204. making it the second-most populous county in the state (after St. Louis County).Although Independence retains its status as the original county seat, Kansas City, Missouri, serves as a second county seat and the center of county government. Founded in 1844, Paris, Texas, was named for the famous French city and quickly became the seat of Lamar County.169 By the start of the Civil War, the town of 700 residents was a center of farming and cattle ranching,170 and 28 percent of county residents were enslaved Black people.171 In the lynching era that followed the Civil War and emancipation, Paris was the site of repeated bloody racial terror. The South created a system of state and local laws and practices that constituted a pervasive and deep-rooted racial caste system. Criminal cases heard by the District Courts include violations of county or city ordinances, most misdemeanor criminal cases, and preliminary hearings for felony or capital criminal cases. Click for more information. CODE OF ORDINANCES PRINCE GEORGE'S COUNTY MARYLAND Codified through Bill No. New Montgomery County Floodplain Management Regulations were adopted July 14, 2014. An era of second slavery.. 1. African Americans frequently were lynched for non-criminal violations of social customs or racial expectations, such as speaking to white people with less respect or formality than observers believed was due. Closely mirroring the era of lynching, police in Mississippi facilitated the extrajudicial murders of civil rights workers Andrew Goodman, James Chaney, and Michael Schwerner in 1964 by delivering the men to a white mob after detaining them for an alleged traffic violation. Noise Pollution Clearinghouse 1-888-200-8332 (toll free) Home; Resources. Mon - Fri 8:00 am - 5:00 pm (closed for lunch from 12:30 pm - 1:30 pm) City Directory. Occupation by federal troops restrained this violence but did not eliminate racial attacks or the commitment to white supremacy that fueled them. And there would be no protecting him if he stayed.260, Though the growth of Northern cities and wartime industrial work increased the volume of Black movement out of the South, the terror of lynching and other racial violence had long made the South a tenuous homeland for Black Americans. It's a flat 1.25%. Instead of facilitating Black land ownership, Johnson advocated a new practice that soon replaced slavery as a primary source of Southern agricultural labor: sharecropping. Mon - Fri 8:00 am - 5:00 pm (closed for lunch from 12:30 pm - 1:30 pm) City Directory. Today, Paris is a small but vibrant and diverse city of 25,000 people, with no historical markers to document either lynching. Ordinances requiring minimum lot sizes of one-half acre or more per family or ordinances requiring minimum building floor areas of 1,000 square feet or more are no longer uncommon. Their premature withdrawal unleashed a pent-up wave of violence that easily topped the few remaining protective structures and left Black people cemented in an inferior economic, social, and political position. Rockville is a city that serves as the county seat of Montgomery County, Maryland, and is part of the BaltimoreWashington metropolitan area.The 2020 census tabulated Rockville's population at 67,117, making it the fifth-largest community in Montgomery County.. Rockville, along with neighboring Gaithersburg and Bethesda, is at the core of the Interstate 270 Technology The data reveals telling trends across time and region, including that lynchings peaked between 1880 and 1940. Yonkers and New York City both have individual income taxes. Both cities charge nonresidents the same rate. For all African Americans, Jim Crow was a daily affront, a reminder of the distinctive place white folks had marked out for thema confirmation of their inferiority and baseness in the eyes of the dominant population. Coordinates: 3901N 9420W / 39.01N 94.34W / 39.01; -94.34, Truman Courthouse in Independence, designed by, Places adjacent to Jackson County, Missouri, This populated place also has portions in an adjacent county or counties, United States presidential election results for Jackson County, Missouri, Information for this section was obtained largely from, 2010 census report for Jackson County, Missouri, National Register of Historic Places listings in Jackson County, Missouri, "129th Correction Officer Academy Graduation", "Jackson Co. Sheriff Mike Sharp to resign amid damaging allegations", "Jackson County sheriff adopts 'restrictive' pursuit policy after deputy charged in May 2018 crash", "Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for Counties: April 1, 2020 to July 1, 2021", "Population of Counties by Decennial Census: 1900 to 1990", "Census 2000 PHC-T-4. Food and gum vendors sold their wares to the many spectators as Mr. On Tuesday, October 6, 1903, a mob of masked men took Ed McCollum, a Black citizen of Grant County, Arkansas, from the county jail in Sheridan. Codifying zoning laws as a separate volume or as part of the Code of Ordinance allows for future changes to be incorporated easily. Among Southern people, the conviction is general that terror is the only restraining influence that can be brought to bear upon vicious Negroes.132. Allen is a city in Collin County in the U.S. state of Texas, and a northern suburb of Dallas.According to the 2020 U.S. census its population was 104,627, up from 84,246 in 2010. The law prevents retailers from supplying plastic bags unless they provide a convenient storefront receptacle to ensure used bags are collected and recycled. EJI has documented 4084 racial terror lynchings in twelve Southern states between the end of Reconstruction in 1877 and 1950, which is at least 800 more lynchings in these states than previously reported. a Republican Supreme Court revoked a law of a Republican Congress and sent the Negro back home for justice to those whom the Republican party had taught the Negro to fear and hate. Rates range from .13% to 2.5%. In 1821, Jackson County became part of the newly admitted state of Missouri. "Taxes 20-21, Pennsylvania (Local) Income Tax Withholding. Most communities do not actively or visibly recognize how their race relations were shaped by terror lynching. This separation plainly disadvantaged Black people and served as a constant symbol of their inferior position in Southern society. The level and type of violence that characterized lynching went beyond ordinary modes of execution and punishment, as historian Leon F. Litwack explains. Our research, findings, and the preparation of this report would not have been possible without the entire staffs dedicated work. PHONE: (610) 825-0111 EMAIL: mcspca@voicenet.com BACK TO BRUTALITY: RESTORING RACIAL HIERARCHY THROUGH TERROR AND VIOLENCE, LYNCHING IN AMERICA: FROM "POPULAR JUSTICE" TO RACIAL TERROR, ENABLING AN ERA OF LYNCHING: RETREAT, RESISTANCE, AND REFUGE. In addition to the 4084 documented lynchings committed in the South between 1877 and 1950, EJI has documented more than 300 racial terror lynchings of Black people that took place in other parts of the United States during the same period. Ordinances requiring minimum lot sizes of one-half acre or more per family or ordinances requiring minimum building floor areas of 1,000 square feet or more are no longer uncommon. Deputy Mann retired with over 34 years of law enforcement experience with the Bryan Police Department and the Texas A&M University Police Department. Baker, a Black man, had aroused the hatred of the predominately white community when President William McKinley appointed him to the position of local postmaster. It is the story of slow, methodical, sadistic, often highly inventive forms of torture and mutilation.311 Whether the victims were family members, friends, classmates, acquaintances, or strangers, African Americans who witnessed or heard about a lynching survived a deeply traumatic event and suffered a complex psychological harm.312, Each lynching or near-lynching instilled an overwhelming sense of fear and terror in African Americans. An investigation determined he had been dragged behind or under a vehicle as far as seventy feet. The United States government compounded the psychological harm experienced by African Americans by permitting the torture and murder of Black citizens. When Black people moved and built communities outside the South in growing numbers during the lynching era, they were often targeted and violently terrorized in response to racialized economic competition, unproven allegations of crime, and violations of the racial order. The tax is imposed on both residents and nonresidents who work in these locations. Many of the communities where lynchings took place have gone to great lengths to erect markers and monuments that memorialize the Civil War, the Confederacy, and historical events during which local power was violently reclaimed by white Southerners. Your submission has been received! No one was prosecuted for either mans murder. We would appreciate our customers using reusable bags, but if you are not able to, a 100% recycled paper bag will be furnished for your use.". We was always in season.341 Today, public and private institutions in the South memorialize the Confederacy and celebrate the architects of white supremacy while remaining conspicuously silent about the terror, violence, and loss of life inflicted on Black Americans during the same historical period. Dred Scott, a slave who had lived in the free state of Illinois and the free territory of Wisconsin before moving back to the slave state of Missouri, appealed to the Supreme Court for his freedom. Most critically, lynching reinforced a legacy of racial inequality that has never been adequately addressed in America. Whites defended vigilante violence aimed at Black people as a necessary tactic of self-preservation to protect property, families, and the Southern way of life from dangerous Black criminals. France; Italy; Romania; China. The NAACP launched a renewed campaign for federal anti-lynching legislation that succeeded in winning passage of the Dyer anti-lynching bill in the House of Representatives on January 26, 1922, by a vote of 231-119.242 Southern lawmakers mobilized against the bill in the Senate, resurrecting familiar objections demanding "states rights,"During the civil rights movement, Southern politicians used the term states rights as code for support for segregation and opposition to Black civil rights. The deep racial hostility that permeated Southern society during this time period often served to focus suspicion on Black communities after a crime was discovered, whether evidence supported that suspicion or not. The Court seats 19 Circuit Judges and 10 Associate Circuit Judges. Persons would die too quickly if burned, the fire was extinguished, and attendees fought over Mr. Persons clothes and remnants of the rope to keep as mementos. Congress established the Freedmens Bureau in March 1865 with a mandate to provide formerly enslaved people with basic necessities and to oversee their condition and treatment in the former Confederate states. Amid rising prices and economic uncertaintyas well as deep partisan divisions over social and political issuesCalifornians are processing a great deal of information to help them choose state constitutional officers and (See Tables 4 and 5. African Americans frequently were lynched for non-criminal violations of social customs or racial expectations, such as speaking to white people with less respect or formality than observers believed was due.140, Finally, many African Americans were lynched not because they committed a crime or social infraction, and not even because they were accused of doing so, but simply because they were Black and present when the preferred party could not be located. The mob beat Mr. Brown, hanged him from a telegraph post, riddled his body with bullets, and then dragged his burning corpse through the streets until it was mutilated beyond recognition. Retail establishments must offer the use of paper bags to the consumer. In America, there is a legacy of racial inequality shaped by the enslavement of millions of Black people. If this work can contribute in any way toward proving this, and at the same time arouse the conscience of the American people to a demand for justice to every citizen, and punishment by law for the lawless, I shall feel I have done my race a service. The county's Democratic lean is due almost entirely to the presence of Kansas City. They threw Mr. Carters body onto the raging fire, which burned for the next three hours.180. Like mass rapes in the former Yugoslavia, terrorism against political dissidents in Argentina, and the torture and violent repression of Black South Africans under the apartheid regime, Terror lynchings in the American South were not isolated hate crimes committed by rogue vigilantes. During ReconstructionThe process by which the federal government used federal troops and Congressional authority to enforce emancipation and protect formerly enslaved peoples new civil rights and American citizenship after the Civil War., whites of diverse political affiliations declared voting a privilege rather than a universal right, and even some whites who had opposed slavery were wary of measures that would lead to Black voting in the North.14 Johnson believed Black people were inherently servile and unintelligent; he feared they would vote as instructed by their former masters, reestablishing the power of the planter class and relegating poor white farmers to virtual slavery.15 Johnson made little effort to disguise his racist views. (Intakes end at 4:00pm - no intakes on Thurs), (MCAS Intakes from Montgomery County Only). Jackson County was the second county to adopt a home-rule charter under the Missouri Constitution. In August 2014, California became the first state to enact legislation imposing a statewide ban on single-use plastic bags at large retail stores. Dayton (/ d e t n / ()) is the sixth-largest city in the state of Ohio and the county seat of Montgomery County. Our team of attorneys, legal editors, and staff lead with experience. Their trauma was intensified by a culture of silence about racial violence that grew out of the same systemic terror that produced racial violence.320 In many ways, this fear survives and the culture of silence endures. These cities, counties, and states have laws, ordinances, regulations, resolutions, policies, or other practices that obstruct immigration enforcement and shield criminals from ICE either by refusing to or prohibiting agencies from complying with ICE detainers, imposing unreasonable He spent twelve of those years as a School Resource Officer. Honoring civil rights activists and embracing their successes is appropriate and due, but when they are not accompanied by meaningful engagement with the difficult history of systematic violence perpetrated against Black Americans for decades after slavery, such celebrations risk painting an incomplete and distorted picture. Formally, a string is a finite, ordered sequence of characters such as letters, digits or spaces. Today, Tonya serves as the chief financial officer of Maslonka Powerline Services in Spokane, Washington. Most were lynched under suspicion of conspiring to mount a slave uprisinga growing but largely unsubstantiated fear among whites in slaveholding states.123 In addition, Southern lynchings of African Americans were distinct from lynchings of whites, and often featured extreme brutality such as burning, torture, mutilation, and decapitation of the victim.124. Just before they left town, they watched a bulldozer dig a large hole and push the entire school into the ground, then cover it up, wiping out all evidence of its existence.274, Much of Sheridans racial history of lynching, segregation, and violent intimidation has also been buried. Grimes County Sheriff's Office would like to welcome Jonathan Mann to our agency. Updated October 4, 2022. Gadsden's rate is 2%. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 3.05. Photographs of the brutal lynching were shared widely, featuring clear images of the crowd posing beneath the hanging corpses, but no one was ever prosecuted or convicted.192 The haunting images inspired writer Abel Meeropol to compose the poem that later became the song Strange Fruit.193, Even in states with sparse Black populations and very few documented racial terror lynchings, violent attacks terrorized small and vulnerable Black communities. Noise Pollution Clearinghouse 1-888-200-8332 (toll free) Home; Resources. It is now no uncommon thing to read of lynchings north of the Mason and Dixons line, and those most responsible for this fashion gleefully point to these instances and assert that the North is no better than the South.186. Texas declared its secession from the Union on February 1, 1861, and joined the Confederate States on March 2, 1861, after it had replaced its governor, Sam Houston, who had refused to take an oath of allegiance to the Confederacy.As with those of other states, the Declaration of Secession was not recognized by the US government at Washington, DC.Some Texan military Such theories were used to legitimate and reinforce racial hierarchy. When the delegates convened at the Mechanics Institute on July 30, 1866, groups of Black supporters and white opponents clashed in the streets. Allen is a city in Collin County in the U.S. state of Texas, and a northern suburb of Dallas.According to the 2020 U.S. census its population was 104,627, up from 84,246 in 2010. About a third of all states allow their counties, municipalities, and other local jurisdictions to impose an income tax. Over the century that this racial caste system reigned, perceived violations of the racial order were met with brutal violence targeted at Black Americansand lynching was the weapon of choice. It includes chapters on street design, making communities more walkable, and parking policies that support lively, mixed-use neighborhoods. Mission Statement. Five other states enacted legislation in 2019Connecticut, Delaware, Maine, Oregon and Vermont. [17] The Sheriff's Office is also responsible for the county's jail. Lynch mobs intended to instill fear in all African Americans, to enforce submission and racial subordination, and to emphasize the limits of Black freedom.340 Through lynching, whites demonstrated to Black people that any transgression of social and racial boundaries, real or imagined, placed the lives of all African Americans at risk. This report is written, researched, designed, and produced by the staff of the Equal Justice Initiative. Jackson County is the most populated county in the Kansas City metropolitan area. Our vision is to be the nationally recognized model of excellence in animal care and placement where humane organizations throughout the United States see MCAS as the beacon of best practices dedicated to delivering humane, efficient and high quality service. At one Kentucky lynching, young white children between six and ten years old brought wood and tended to the fire in which the victim was burned.325 Boys especially were expected to actively engage in lynching; their roles expanded as they got older until, as young adults, they took on a direct role in the torture and murder.326 Lynching was characterized as a civic duty of white Southern men that brought praise rather than sanctions from community elders and institutions.327, An African American woman who worked for a white family in Alabama during the lynching era observed that lynching messages were received early and burrowed deep. When the men found Mr. Devert crossing a river with the girl in his arms, they shot him in the head and the girl drowned. Legal publisher offering ordinance codification services for local governments, specializing in providing codes of ordinances in print and on the Internet Criminal cases heard by the District Courts include violations of county or city ordinances, most misdemeanor criminal cases, and preliminary hearings for felony or capital criminal cases. 400 N. San Jacinto St. Conroe, Texas 77301. Email your Contractor Registration information list above to permits@ci.montgomery.tx.us. Within two months of taking office, President Hayes took action to end the federal troops role in Southern politics. In early 1893, a seventeen-year-old Black boy named Henry Smith was accused of killing a three-year-old white girl. Adoption - Making it Official: Animals that have been spayed/neutered and vaccinated can be adopted. In contrast, the landscape of the South is cluttered with plaques, statues, and monuments that record, celebrate, and lionize generations of American defenders of white supremacy, including countless leaders of the Confederate war effort and white public officials and private citizens who perpetrated violent crimes against Black citizens during the era of racial terror. 301 North Thompson, Suite 105 Conroe, Texas 77301 (936) 539-7960. Soon after Irving and Herman were arrested and jailed, local whites began posting signs throughout town advertising their impending lynching.173, On July 6, 1920, a mob of 3000 gathered to watch as both men were tied to a flagpole at the fairgrounds, tortured, and burned to death. In elections for new state governments, Black voter turnout neared 90 percent in many jurisdictions,26 and Black voterswho comprised a majority in many districts and a statewide majority in Louisianaelected both white and Black leaders to represent them. Every retail establishment that provides customers with plastic bags must provide conveniently located receptacles where customers can return their clean and dry plastic bags to be recycled. Three are elected "at large" from larger districts, each by voters of the whole county. This selective public memory compounds the harm of officials complicity in lynching and maintains the otherness of Black people who have lived in these communities for generations. Two white men who spent several hours with Mr. McClelland on the night he died were arrested after blood reportedly was found on the undercarriage of their truck. As historian Leon F. Litwack writes, [h]ow many Black men and women were beaten, flogged, mutilated, and murdered in the first years of emancipation will never be known.34 Similarly, historian Eric Foner explains, The wave of counterrevolutionary terror that swept over large parts of the South between 1868 and 1871 lacks a counterpart either in the American experience or in that of the other Western Hemisphere societies that abolished slavery in the nineteenth century.35. State Citation Status Summary; Arizona: 2015 SB 1241: Enacted: California: 2014 SB 270: Put to Referendum, Passed: As of July 1, 2015, certain large stores are prohibited from providing a single-use plastic carryout bag to a customer, unless the retailer makes that bag available for $0.10 and certain conditions are met. Nearly 25 percent of the lynchings of African Americans in the South were based on charges of sexual assault.142 The mere accusation of rape, even without an identification by the alleged victim, often aroused a mob and resulted in lynching. Institutional inequality, continued marginalization, and unaddressed histories of trauma have created a unique legacy of chronic generational poverty, persistent urban distress, debilitating violence, and limited educational opportunities. Founded in Northern states in 1854, the Republican Party began as a coalition of Northerners opposed to slavery. Bags distributed at themeat/deli counter and bulk food areaare exempt, as well as newspaper bags, trash bags, garment bags, bags provided by a pharmacy for prescription drugs, and restaurant takeout bags. They took him to the jail in Selma, Alabama, where other inmates heard him being beaten and screaming. We found that most terror lynchings can best be understood as having the features of one or more of the following: (1) lynchings that resulted from a wildly distorted fear of interracial sex; (2) lynchings in response to casual social transgressions; (3) lynchings based on allegations of serious violent crime; (4) public spectacle lynchings; (5) lynchings that escalated into large-scale violence targeting the entire African American community; and (6) lynchings of sharecroppers, ministers, and community leaders who resisted mistreatment, which were most common between 1915 and 1940. In 2008, for example, John McCain barely carried the areas of the county outside Kansas City, but Barack Obama carried Kansas City by a nearly 3-to-1 margin, enough for him to carry the county as a whole with 62 percent of the vote. The Civil Rights Act of 1964, a signature legal achievement of the civil rights movement, contains provisions designed to eliminate discrimination in voting, education, and employment, but it does not address discrimination in criminal justice. Criminal cases heard by the District Courts include violations of county or city ordinances, most misdemeanor criminal cases, and preliminary hearings for felony or capital criminal cases. Whites used terrorism to relegate African Americans to a state of second-class citizenship and economic disadvantage that would last for generations after emancipation and create far-reaching consequences. The same rate applies to both residents of the city and to nonresidents who work there. Texas law prohibits off-premises sale of liquor (but not beer and wine) all day on Sunday, Thanksgiving Day, Christmas Day, and New Year's Day. In York County, South Carolina, nearly the entire white male population joined.47 The Klan and similar organizations, including the Knights of the White Camelia and the Pale Faces, were independent and de-centralized but shared aims and tactics to form a vast network of terrorist cells. An analysis from the law firm Ballard Spahr noted that the 5th Circuits decision applies only to federal district courts in Texas, Louisiana, and Mississippi. Dogand Cat Adoption Fees and Incentives: An adoption application can be downloaded here on the website. This event on April 13, 1873, marked the end of carpetbagDuring and after the Civil War, many Northerners moved to Southern states looking for economic opportunity and to assist formerly enslaved Black people. Racial segregation often translated to the total exclusion of Black people from public facilities, institutions, and opportunities. Essential Smart Growth Fixes for Urban and Suburban Zoning Codes (2009): Offers 11 "essential fixes" to help local governments amend their codes and ordinances to promote more sustainable communities. "Maryland Income Tax Rates and Brackets. Convict leasing, the practice of selling the labor of state and local prisoners to private interests for state profit, utilized the criminal justice system to effectuate the economic exploitation and political disempowerment of Black people. Our research confirms that many victims of terror lynchings were murdered without being accused of any crime; they were killed for minor social transgressions or for demanding basic rights and fair treatment. ( Bettmann/Getty Images.). Unsolvable nightmare Other considerations are of minor importance.234 She died of natural causes in Chicago in 1931, as the terror of the lynching era still raged and before the legacy of her tireless dedication was fully realized. Black Southerners who survived the lynching era remained subject to the established legal system of racial apartheid known as Jim Crow. In 1800 Spain was forced by France in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso to return its Louisiana Territory (of which modern Jackson County formed a part) to France. Offer the use of paper bags to the total exclusion of Black people from public facilities, institutions, parking... Created a system of racial inequality that has never been adequately addressed in America there! By terror lynching dogs have been tested for heartworms County only ) went beyond ordinary of! Unless they provide a convenient storefront receptacle to ensure used bags are collected and recycled average household was! Associate Circuit Judges, 310 chapters boasted 91,203 members nationwide.238 Black scholar activist. County 's Democratic lean is due almost entirely to the established legal system of state and laws! 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