The black-and-white drawing by William H. Walker captured the harsh reality behind the ideal of benevolent assimilation, depicting imperialists Uncle Sam, John Bull, Kaiser Wilhelm, and, coming into view, a figure that probably represents France, as burdens carried by vanquished non-white peoples. Whoever falls into your hands is forfeited. Business and government colluded with the military in silencing press coverage of the poor conditions suffered by American soldiers, including scandals around tainted supplies, and the grim realities of the Philippine-American War itselfcensorship that foreshadowed the broader excising of the unpleasant war from national memory. The aggressive quest for new marketsChinas millions being the most covetedwas justified as part of the benevolent and inevitable spread of progress. Though the Process Be Costly, The Road of Progress Must Be Cut," states that progress must be pursued despite suffering on both sides. Indeed, the visual record was, in its unique way, more powerfulmore literally graphicthan words alone could ever be. Source:The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Jean Veber,LAssiette au Beurre, September 28, 1901. N.Y. : J. Ottmann Lith. Is the item digitized? As the U.S. moved into the Pacific, Chinas millions represented an enticing new market, but the eruption of the anti-Christian, anti-foreign Boxer movement threatened the civilizing mission there. Harpers Weekly later echoed the classroom scene with a cover captioned Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. The class is disrupted by revolutionaries from the new U.S. territories of the Philippines and Cuba, whose vicious fight brands them as barbarously unfit for self-rule. is the caption of a cartoon by Pucks Udo Keppler in which Confucius and Jesus Christ look down on the warring Boxers and missionaries. Opposing viewpoints usually found expression in simpler but no less powerful black-and-white graphics in other publications. If you dont do it I shall have to. Udo Keppler,Puck, August 8, 1900. International Journal of Comic Art11.1 (2009)pp. The Pigtail Has Got to Go. Louis Dalrymple,Puck, October 19, 1898. 1898 poster promotes the U.S.-British rapprochement as A Union in the Interest of Humanity Civilization, Freedom and Peace for All Time. Multiple representations symbolize the two Anglo nations: national symbols (the eagle and lion); flags (the Stars and Stripes and Union Jack); female personifications (Columbia and Britannia); male personifications (Uncle Sam and John Bull); and national coats of arms (eagle and shield for America; lion, unicorn, crown, and shield for Great Britain). Much of Africa would now be days rather than weeks away from London while Cecil Rhodes' old dream of a 'Cape to Cairo' connection had become a reality. Wake / J. Ottmann Lith. Source:Library of Congress. Postwar industrialization and the introduction of new commodities such as steel and electricity gradually transformed the agrarian nation. Other graphic techniques were used by cartoonists to communicate this message. In the U.S., despite spirited resistance from Anglophobic Irish immigrants and anti-imperialist leagues, overseas military campaigns gradually gained public support. Japan is introduced in this 1899 cartoon as the lone Asian nation in the imperialist circle of world powers. The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, CGACGA, The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, CGACGA, The Ohio State University, Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum, William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library, The Ohio State University Cartoon Research Library. Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. The following year, Life cartoonist William H. Walker evoked the horror of the Allied intervention in China in a graphic captioned, Almost thou persuadest me to be a ChristianActs xxvi, 28. A Chinese man falls off his chair, the Bible at his feet, laughing at Uncle Sams duplicity in preaching Christianity while showing a bloody panorama of Allied soldiers executing and marauding on a screen. title not id. [Read Online], Vaughan, Christopher. Keppler, U. J. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. | Library of Congress Title from item. Initially, the camps were conceived as shelters for women and children war refugees. The Forbidden Book: The Philippine-American War in Political Cartoons(San Francisco: TBoli Pub. Chinas hapless young Manchu emperor, traditionally and exotically robed, sits passively in the foreground. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. T Time A Action A man stand up over a land C Caption The Rhodes Colossus Striding from Cape Town to Cairo O Objects A giant man, boots, land, a hat, clouds a gun, uniform. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. The campaign was stepped up to target the civilian population that provided crucial support for guerrilla fighters in both the Transvaal and Orange Free State republics. A chained War Correspondent is forced to rewrite his reports under the direction of Major General Elwell Otis during the Philippine-American War. In many cases, the originals can be served in a few minutes. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. 1900. "MOJ 75-A 495": intended for microfilm. England has governed her colonies whether they consented or not. On June 17, while the fate of Seymour and his men remained unknown to the outside world, Allied navies attacked and captured the forts at Taku. Kipling offered moral justification for the bloody war the U.S. was fighting to suppress the independent Philippine regime following Spanish rule. The cover featuring an illustration from Le Petit Journal, 1913. (The artist signed his name on the grave on the lower right.). U.S. A post-conflict report calculated that close to 28,000 white Boers perished (the vast majority of them children under sixteen), while fatalities among incarcerated native Africans numbered over 14,000 at the very least. Despite several victories in the battle for Tianjin, chaotic Chinese forces melted away before the Allied advance. Spencer, David R. "No Laughing Matter. The campaign met with fierce resistance and saw the introduction of concentration camps as an extreme maneuver against the Boer defenders. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. Civilization warns Chinas passive emperor to stop the Anarchy, Murder, and Riot spread by Boxer insurgentsvisualized as a dragon crawling over the city wallattacking missionaries, Chinese Christians, and Westerners. Presentation: History of Egyptian Animation and how BAKKAR the animated But by the 1890s, emerging industrial powerhouses like the U.S. and Germany reduced Britains industrial dominance. S Summary is a official man just stand up over a land. ), the Boer prisoners were gathered in large enclosures where, for the last 18 months, they found rest and quiet. such as microfilm or copy prints? The caption reads Think It Overa phrase that also appeared later in Mark Twains To the Person Sitting in Darkness essay. Titled Dream of the Empress of China, the dream is an obvious nightmare, as the sardonic sub-caption makes clear. ", From the Cape to Cairo. The message suggests that the indigenous man will be brought out of ignorance through the inescapable march of progress in the form of Western civilization. In Vebers rendering of Les Progrs de la Science (The Advancement of Science), Boer prisoners of war are being shocked by an electric fence to the amusement of British troops on the other side. In Library of Congress notes on this image, the seated figure on the left is identified as Minervathe Roman goddess of wisdom, arts, and commerce. https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. From the Cape to Cairo Collection: Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Description: Britannia, carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advances on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism." Caption: Though the process be costly, the road to progress must be cut. LAC nsk 2021-10-04 create (1 card), Printed Ephemera Collection (Library of Congress) - Anti-Imperialist League (Washington, D.C.), Horrible nightmare of a worthy old gentleman. More about Copyright and other Restrictions. Study Resources. All are erstwhile British soldiers. No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be., Is this Imperialism? Civilization & Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary & "The White Man's Burden Mott, Frank Luther. A priest of the Church of England, his father served as curate of Brentwood Essex for fifteen years, until 1849, when he became the vicar of Bishop's Stortford, where . School Begins. Uncle Sam (to his new class in Civilization): Now, children, you've got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not! Co., Puck Bldg. The words "Striding from Cape Town to Cairo . A cartoon published in May, 1899 over the caption And Peace Shall Rule offered a female angel of peace flying over a globe (turned to Asia and the Pacific) hoisted by John Bull and Uncle Sam. Recommended citation: Ellen Sebring, Civilization & Barbarism: Cartoon Commentary & The White Mans Burden (18981902), Volume 13, Issue 27, No. 19th Century Editorial Cartoons and the Business of Race." Anthropomorphizing nations and concepts meant that in an 1899 cartoon captioned "The White Man's Burden," the U.S., as Uncle Sam, could be shown trudging after Britain's John Bull, his Anglo-Saxon partner, carrying non-white nationsdepicted in grotesque . No blow has been struck except for liberty and humanity, and none will be.William McKinley. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly, July 28, 1900. War on Earth. - Misery Loves Company;but they hope soon to be out of it. Louis Dalrymple, Puck, March 20, 1901. One was the second Boer War of 18991902 that pitted British forces against Dutch-speaking settlers in South Africa and their black supporters. In the rest of the continent, the Belgians brutally dealt with uprisings in the Congo; and the German government gobbled up what practically was the last "free" land for colonials in southwest Africa. 5 vols. Other materials require appointments for later the same day or in the future. The scene above turns the tables on the Harpers Weekly cover (above) and accuses foreign troops and missionaries of atrocities during the Boxer Uprising in China. Course Materials, Requirements, and Grading, https://gmu.zoom.us/meeting/tJYsf-6hpzooHtCcgUHFQlJ5Hy13bvsr3WDv/ics?icsToken=98tyKuCqrzMtE92Ush2DRowQBYqgKPPxmH5Bgrd-nxjQKwZibimjHvsTYbBpA8qD. In this rendering it is the Bible-toting white invader (The Stranger) who is ridiculed. In all likelihood, it was an internal malfunction, but many Americans blamed the Spanish and rallied behind the slogan Remember the Maine, to Hell with Spain. The United States declared war on Spain on April 20, and the fury kindled by the sinking of the Maine was appeased by a great U.S. naval victory on the other side of the world two and a half months later. Reports of the Boxer attacks seeped out of the beleaguered area and misinformation spread, like this headline in the New York Times on July 30: Wave of Massacre Spreads over China. Je l'ai fait relguer sous bonne escorte. Elliott, Jane E. SomeDid It for Civilisation, Some Did It for Their Country: A RevisedView of the Boxer War(Hong Kong: The Chinese University Press, 2002). The U.S. policy of benevolent neutrality supported Britain in the Boer War with large war loans, exports of military supplies, and diplomatic assistance for British POWs. Dominated by full-page graphics, many issues were thematic visual essays developed by a single artist. In this rendering, progresseconomic, technological, and culturalis spread through global military aggression. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. Militarily beneath notice by the major European powers, and able to resolve conflicts with Britain in the Western Hemisphere diplomatically, there was little pressure for a strong military in the U.S. With minimal military expenditures, the U.S. economy grew rapidly. It allows prisoners to enjoy the view from the outside and have the illusion of freedom (Official Report to the War Office. The eight-nation military intervention during the Boxer Uprising in China in 1900 amounted to a global case study of how nations with superior technology wreaked violence abroad in the name of bringing about peace and civilization. Duplication Services Web site. The U.S. must govern its new territories with or without their consent until they can govern themselves.. color or tint (assuming the original has any), you can generally purchase a quality copy of It ought to be a Happy New Year, the caption reads. Around 1904 or 1905in another impassioned response to the American war in the Philippines (which officially ended in 1902 but in practice dragged on for many years thereafter)Twain penned a short essay titled The War Prayer. The essay is now regarded as an exemplary indictment of blind patriotism coupled with religious fanaticism. From road troubles to the political plight, those who brave this journey will leave the continent a true child of the soil. Retrieved from the Library of Congress. History in Three Keys: The Boxers as Event, Experience, and Myth(New York: Columbia University Press, 1997). In May 1900, for example, artist William Bengough scathingly debunked a speech by President McKinleyonce again justifying the U.S. actions in taking of the Philippines by forceby depicting him as a parson standing on the face of a dead Filipino. Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". 1 (October 7, 2013). Colonists--British--1900-1910. Leonhard, Robert R.The China Relief Expedition: Joint Coalition Warfare in China,Summer 1900(Laurel, MD: Applied Physics Laboratory, Johns Hopkins University). On November 29, 1892, while on a visit to London, Rhodes made a speech in which he dramatically announced that he intended to extend the Colony's telegraphic connections across the entire continent - not only to Lake Tanganyika and Uganda, but through the fundamentalist Islamic Sudan and all the way to British Cairo. To contact Reference staff in the Prints and Photographs Reading Room, please use our Source:Library of Congress. N.Y.: J. Ottmann Lith. In the Rubber Coils. English. A more earthly approach is taken in the graphic Some One Must Back Up that heads this essay. Who is present in this cartoonor perhaps a better question is, who is not present? He has a somewhat serious but proud expression on his face, as though his is flaunting the land. Uncle Sam is to be Sacrificed: Anglophobia in Late Nineteenth-Century Politics and Culture.American Nineteenth Century History. Religion played a major role in the characterization of others as heathens in need of salvation through education, conversion, and civilizing in the ways of Christian culture. Our Civilized Heathen asks what is civilized and who are the heathen. "MOJ 75-A 495": intended for microfilm. Source:Theodore Roosevelt Center at Dickinson State University, By 1901, John Bull and Uncle Sam were bogged down in prolonged overseas wars at a cost, here, the "Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly" and the "Boer War 16,000,000 yearly." 1345 (1902 December 10), centerfold. Library of Congress Prints and Photographs Division. In the United States, the Boer War, conquest of the Philippines, and Boxer Uprising prompted large, detailed, sophisticated, full-color cartoons in Puck and Judge. TR Center - From the Cape to Cairo - Theodore Roosevelt Center Civilization and barbarism were vividly portrayed in the visual record. , 1902. Source:Library of Congress, Left: John Bull gapes at a new American steamer. To the Person Sitting in Darkness addressed Great Britains Boer War as well as the Philippine conquest and Boxer intervention. Americas recent subjugated populations are savage, unruly, and rebelliousliterally visually half devil and half child, as Kipling would have it. Turning to China, his stinging indictment extended beyond the two Anglo powers to target the Kaisers Germany plus Tsarist Russia and France. Political cartoon analysis.pdf - Course Hero ColumbiaMother! Louis Dalrymple,Puck, June 15, 1898. An African Journey, From the Cape to Cairo Translated from Russian. The Rhodes Colossus - Wikipedia ***Appointments are virtual, but we can schedule in-person if needed. By not waiting for their consent she has greatly advanced the world's civilization. Close behind them lie corpses from the Franco-Prussian War, Russia and Turkey, Napoleon and Austria. Far off in the distance, with labels reading Roman Wars and Alexandria, the artists carries his viewers back to ancient times, when the civilization myth first emerged to mask the brutal realities of politically-motivated conflicts. The Middle East as Seen Through Foreign Eyes - University of Chicago Scorched earth tactics destroyed scores of villages. - Source:The Ohio State University Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum. He is greeted with open arms by a mandarin and Wanted signs articulating prodigious opportunities for business. The cartoonist targets capitalists as the true power behind the policies and practices in the Pacific, with a portrait of businessman Marcus Hannaa dollar sign elongating his earthat dwarfs a portrait of President William McKinley. Cartoonists portrayed Wilhelm II with increasing venom as a perpetrator of violence through World War I. Britannia (Symbolic character)--1900-1910, - In the West, China was often characterized as befuddled and archaic under the rule of an inscrutable crone, the Empress Dowager. Tributes have poured in for a Cape Town vet who was killed by . In an 1898 two-page spread in Puck, female symbols of the two nations, Columbia and Britannia, meet as mother and daughter to celebrate their reunion After Many Years. Wearing archaic breastplates and helmets, with trident and sword, these outsized, archetypal crusaders helm modern warships. the Prints and Photographs Reading Room. Privacy Policy, Letter from Theodore Roosevelt to Elbert F. Baldwin, https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Research/Digital-Library/Record?libID=o276287. London: Hurst and Blackett, 1900. [View Extract]. Within a barred room, its walls painted blood-red, a cohort of five army officers headed by a sword-wielding Major General Elwell Stephen Otis (1838-1909), military governor of the Philippines, forces a manacled war correspondent to write only approved dispatches. The Stranger: How long have you been civilized? The Exploration of Africa: From Cairo to the Cape - Wikipedia An iron railing through which an electric current runs is the healthiest and safest of fences. The angel of peace and caption suggest that their joint strength will bring about world peace. Le Silence (Concentration Camps in the Transvaal. A number of critical cartoons of the time addressed the unsavory behavior of the civilizers themselves, and the disparity between doctrine and actions. Jacobs joined the Cape of Good Hope SPCA this week. site.). [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Although the completion of a railroad spanning the length of Africa was looking less likely, segments of the Cape-to-Cairo Railroad were becoming increasingly important to Rhodesia's economic development. | Print shows Chauncey M. Depew and Robert G. Ingersoll, each in the arms of the other, pointing to quotations attributed to them that justify American imperialist activities 1 print : chromolithograph. The phrase became a trope in articles and graphics dealing with imperialism and the advancement of Western civilization against barbariansor as the poem put it, Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.. In the U.S., the 1860s Civil War generated suspicion that neutral Britain covertly supported the Confederacy. PDF Social Darwinism From the Cape to Cairo the first traverse of Africa from south to north by Ewart Scott Grogan. It Ought to be a Happy New Year. Keppler, Udo J., Artist. a convenience, and may not be complete or accurate. advise you in both how to fill out a call slip and when the item can be served. in: Puck, v . Source: Beinecke Rare Books & Manuscripts, Yale University. Mish Mish Effendi cartoon 1930s. 203228. 12/29/2010, Contact Information | Rights & Permissions, This resource was created by scholars at the University of Chicago and funded by the Cohen, Paul A. Abe Ignacio, Enrique de la Cruz, Jorge Emmanuel, Helen Toribo. The imperialist rhetoric of civilization versus barbarism that took root during these years was reinforced in both the United States and England by a small flood of political cartoonscommonly executed in full color and with meticulous attention to detail. From the Cape to Cairo / Keppler. Uncle Sams New Class in the Art of Self-Government. W. A. Rogers,Harpers Weekly: A Journal of Civilization, August 27, 1898. This unit examines cartoons from the turn-of-the-century visual record that reference civilization and its nemesisbarbarism. British armies had difficulty stopping mounted Boer commandos spread out over large areas of open terrain. Numbers 14-15 and 18-20 wanting. Columbia and Uncle Sam pluck gifts from Our Christmas Tree, including law and order, technology, and education, for overseas territories Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines, condescendingly drawn as grateful children. The wall sign overhead reads: The Confederate States refused their consent to be governed; but the Union was preserved without their consent. The class holds schoolbooks labeled Alaska, Texas, Arizona, California, New Mexico. Blackboard text: The consent of the governed is a good thing in theory, but very rare in fact. As the cartoon record of these turn-of-the-century years repeatedly demonstrates, moreover, it was taken for granted by the imperialists that the people on whom they were bestowing the light of civilization were literallyand often grotesquelyof various shades of darker complexion. A 1901 Puck cover, Misery Loves Company, depicts John Bull and Uncle Sam mired in colonial wars at a steep price: Boer War 16,000,000 yearly and Philippine War $80,000,000 yearly. Anti-imperialist movements targeted the human rights violations in both the Philippines and Transvaal in their protests. description Summary Illustration shows Britannia carrying a large white flag labeled "Civilization" with British soldiers and colonists behind her, advancing on a horde of natives, one carrying a flag labeled "Barbarism". The full sardonic irony of the rendering, however, resides in the dead occupants of the graves. Dickinson State University. Thophile Steinlen,LAssiette au Beurre, June 27, 1901. In one of the most lasting images of the conflict, the legation quarter in Beijingoverflowing with some 900 foreign diplomats, their families, and soldiers, along with some 2,800 Chinese Christianswas put to siege. (In the 1900 elections, Bryan ran on an anti-imperialist platform and was again defeated by McKinley.) "Civilization and its Discontents: The Boxers and Luddites as Heroes and Villains." The penetration of missionaries into the interior of China, for example, destabilized rural economies and incited anti-foreign sentiments. The French caption mocks British hypocrisy in officially praising the humanitarian behavior of their armed forces. Following its victory over China in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-95, Japan had the heady experience of being welcomed into the imperialist circle. Source:William H. Walker Cartoon Collection, Princeton University Library. Address of Pope Barrow to the Daughters of the American revolution. Save the republic : Anti-imperialist leaflet no. 11 [-21]. Good Will to Nobody.Life, January 4, 1900, Source: Widener Library, Harvard University, UnlikePuckandJudge, Life was often highly critical of U.S. overseas expansion. Source:Bibliothque nationale de France. This early outburst of what we refer to today as clash-of-civilizations thinking did not go unchallenged, however. Source: Bibliothque nationale de France, British soldiers laugh at the spectacle of Boer prisoners of war being shocked by an electric fence. (doi:10.1017/S0021875810000046). Newly conquered populations, described in the opening stanza as your new-caught, sullen peoples, half-devil and half-child would need sustained commitments to serve your captives needs.. Dr Natheem Jacobs was stabbed at his home in Garlandale, Athlone. Invading foreign lands was a relatively new experience for the U.S. 367-373 (1998). Time: Aug 23, 2021 12:00 PM to 1:15 PM EST Uncle Sam and President McKinley countered the assault under another American flag on which was inscribed Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness under treaty rights. The cartoon caption reflected Americas self-image as a reluctant civilizer: Is This Imperialism? In 1927, Mashonaland Railways was renamed Rhodesia Railways as efforts were underway to expand the country's rail system. What historical event or imperialist practice is this referencing? [Photograph] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/item/2010652189/. Illus. While the European powers favored Spain in the Spanish-American War, for example, neutral Britain backed the U.S. During the 1898 Battle of Manila Bay, British ships quietly reenforced the untried U.S. navy by blocking a squadron of eight German ships positioned to take advantage of the situation.

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