(Whitmire, 2013, p. 46). Ceremonies. However, during the dry season, as groups of families were forced to congregate around receding water sources, a greater degree of political organization developed. Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. and created larger political The Canadian government, for instance, will be more inclined to fund an organisation whose mandate is continental Africa rather than an association with a very narrow focus on Acholi problems. The conflict", UGANDA: 1,000 displaced die every week in war-torn north - report | Uganda | Refugees/IDPs, UGANDA/DRC: OPERATION RUDIA II UPDATE 2009-06-29, "The Anguish of Northern Uganda - Section 1 - Uganda", Sample of written Acholi from the Language Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Acholi_people&oldid=1142669727, All articles with bare URLs for citations, Articles with bare URLs for citations from March 2022, Short description is different from Wikidata, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0. In the past, medical problems were addressed through approaches to various spirits, by visits to diviners, and by the use of herbs, roots, and other folk medicines. political organisation of the acholipadma shri award 2012 list. The Lwoo. As they have for centuries, Acholi farmers rely mainly on iron hoes and other hand tools. the area around Lake Victoria as early as the fourth century B.C. Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. colonial times, were the Acholi stood often in opposition to the British colonial rule, the starting According to the them Shuuli, based on their language being similar to Shilluk from South Sudan. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. From the Holy Spirit Movement, the notorious Lords Resistance Army (LRA), led by Acholi Joseph Kony, emerged. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". before. . came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the alongside the other Luo groups in Uganda and Kenya following several waves of migration from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. The colonial experience of the Acholi differed greatly from the experience of those in the All of these early inhabitants were ironworking mixed farmers, organized into localized patrilineal lineages or, in some cases, into temporary groupings of two to four such lineages. Some Acholi mothers exclaim that they do not know their sons after they have been away in the army. Identification and Location. The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. reported that the Acholi chiefs generally accepted the position of Baker, as he had helped them Uganda's current army, various local rebel groups (some headed by apocalyptic "prophets" such as Alice Lakwena), and heavily armed Karamojong raiders have all raped, looted, killed, and destroyed, making any kind of normal life in Acholi impossible. 2019Encyclopedia.com | All rights reserved. and tributes paid to them. During this period of growing integration into the colonial trade routes, the Acholi chiefdoms The socio-political and economic organization of the Maasai during the During Obote's first term as president, and especially during his second term, Acholi soldiers played key roles in the massive conflict in other parts of Uganda, where hundreds of thousands of peoplemany of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s into the 1990s, Acholi was the scene of similar levels of conflict. groups, the Ugandan army, and Karamojong raiders (who have been active collective identity evolved, and a common language (Luo) spread. (Atkinson, 2011 30 Chiefly authority was however not absolute, as power was shared with lineage elders ( ladit kaka) and political authority was mainly vested in But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. The LRA has been targeting civilians, the majority being their own tribe, the Acholi. London: James Currey. When conflict did What attitudes towards and beliefs about language, linguistic competence and teaching languages do student teachers hold at the start of their teacher education.. How, It addresses the practices used for managing linguistic diversity in downstream relationships, particularly focusing on the role of language nodes at the, LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE LINGUISTIC MEANING AND KNOWLEDGE REPRESENTATION IN AUTOMATIC UNDERSTANDING OF NATURAL LANGUAGE, Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Linguistic and Cognitive Measures in Arabic-Speaking English Language Learners (ELLs) and monolingual children with and, Recently, Wang, Teng, and Chen (2015) conducted a study to examine students attitude toward the use of iPad in English Vocabulary Learning. (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. expression of difference, but one of a common political ideology and identity (Whitmire, 2013, many of them children, the conflict led to the displacement of millions. Okot p'Bitek (1963). Idi Amin (197179) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. Sign up to Minority rights Group International's newsletter to stay up to date with the latest news and publications. [17] Most of the LRA returnees, numbering 12,000, underwent nyono tong gweno ('stepping on the egg') after returning to their home villages, to help restore them to home. 3 vols. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. - CORE settle disputes that involved more than one lineage. Sociopolitical organization - Acholi Kitgum, Pader and Gulu, the three districts of the Acholi sub-region, each established peace forums for continuing discussions. All members of the household acknowledge the authority of its head, the husband; each wife or other adult female in the household has traditionally had her own fields, granaries, and kitchen or cooking hut. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. This period of increased contact with non-Acholi accelerated the A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Anywa Adhola They also kept goats, sheep and cattle. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. A company limited by guarantee in the UK no. The majority of elected members of parliament in the Acholi sub-region are members of the opposition.[14]. with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages Acholi form organisation - New Vision Official [10] General Tito Okello was an Acholi, and came to power in a military coup. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." 1 Northern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab-ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Omissions? However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. common identity had already formed prior to that during the 18th century. We hope you find it interesting. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. Due to its central location and the close Children are highly prized, and historically a couple did not set up their own household until the birth of their first child, living until then in the household of the husband's mother. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government. Occasional Paper no. Identification. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged The government of Uganda has responded to the conflict by adopting both military and general amnesty strategies. Traditionally, lineage heads and elders were the most knowledgeable aboutand involved withthe lineage and chiefdom jogi, although rwodi also had a role to play in ceremonies involving the latter. Milton Obote (196271, 198085). PDF Publications | International IDEA Archaeological and linguistic evidence suggests that from early in the Christian era, Acholi was settled mainly by Central Sudanic (or "proto-Central Sudanic") speakers in the west and Eastern Nilotic ("proto-Eastern Nilotic") speakers in the east. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. The camps caused misery and sufferingwith a conservative death toll of 1,000 people a week. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. [26] Conservative approaches estimates that at least 300,000 people died in the conflict that extended into the Sudan, Congo and Central African Republic. Childlessness is one of the most serious misfortunes imaginable; women are typically blamed, and the marriage often ends or the husband takes a second wife. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. (1988). 30. Orientation [23] This resulted in resistance building up in the region and soon a host of rebel groups sprang up in the north. (February 23, 2023). southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. . Wright, A. C. A. "Swazi" refers to the nation, tr, Fipa The Shona-speaking peoples comprise about 80 percent of the population of Zimbabwe,, Swazi In contrast, the Acholi and other northern ethnic groups supplied much of the national manual labour and came to comprise a majority of the military, creating what some have called a "military ethnocracy". The Acholi resisted the establishment of the Ocheng, D. O. Movement. London: James Currey. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. The Southern Lwoo language group These cookies ensure basic functionalities and security features of the website, anonymously. In 2005, the new International Criminal Court in The Hague issued arrest warrants for Joseph Kony and other top LRA commanders. Death and Afterlife. Girling (1960) notes that as late as 1950 there was still no system of individual land tenure in Acholi; however, such tenure has become increasingly common since independence. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. In addition, the peace forums have worked to help establish the Amnesty Commission. Idi Amin (1971-79) the Acholi were severely persecuted and their men systematically executed for their past association with the colonial army and for their support of Pres. One obvious candidate, Bazilio Olara-Okello who, although unrelated to Tito Okello, was, as in the case of Oyite Ojok, another officer who participated in the overthrow of Idi Amin. These cookies will be stored in your browser only with your consent. London: Oxford University Press. identity is rather disputed. 2008. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster ." Then a final dance and feast takes place at a time chosen to make possible the maximum attendance by relatives and other interested people. Uganda, leading raids all over the region. century, social stratification appears limited, owing primarily to both "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. The presumed nominal forebears of the present-day Acholi group migrated South to Northern Uganda from the area now known as Bahr el Ghazal in South Sudan by about 1,000 AD. a civil resistance movement started forming in the region. Identification. Most Acholi also continue to live in thatched, round mud houses, although wealthier Acholi and those who live in town or near major roads have square houses of mud or block, with iron or tile roofs. The Acholi region and language 51. The civil war devastated the lives and livelihoods of the Acholi people of the north. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro authority of a district commissioner. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. [6] While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudanese border, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". The cookie is used to calculate visitor, session, campaign data and keep track of site usage for the site's analytics report. In such a context, the land rights of those with the least power widows, the disabled, the elderly were very insecure. However, this rebellion was defeated when it attempted to attack the northern regions, this relationship changed. "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Statt Afrika im Kampf gegen Hunger zu helfen, beuten Industriestaaten The men were skilled hunters, using nets and spears. 2.4. The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. The movement hopes to strengthen the political and economic power of women in society and so push back destruction of the natural environment. formations in the form of chiefdoms and kingdoms by the end of the first millennium A.D. An Exploration of Linguistic Practices and Language Attitudes in Gulu, Northern Uganda. In war, the men used spears and long, narrow shields of giraffe or ox hide. Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Further he described how this negative experience led to generally negative attitudes towards The Migration of Nilotes and Their Settlement | SpringerLink Classics in African Anthropology - International African Institute Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, At the peak of the conflict, 90% of the Acholi population moved into IDP camps designed as protected villages. Uma, F. K. (1971). Apoko, Anna (1967). Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona More commonly, almost any salaried job in the public or private sector represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the majority peasant population. Since independence, formal schooling has provided a strong socializing influence from outside the home for more and more Acholi, especially those attending secondary school. Despite the years of leadership by men from the North, that region continued to be marginalized economically after independence, and has suffered higher rates of poverty than other areas of the country. "Acholi became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. A rebellion They are speakers of Western Nilotic languages and are traditionally farmers. It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. Death of Oulanyah exposes Acholi as proud and loud without leadership Domestic Unit. Corn (maize), sorghum, beans, squash, peanuts (groundnuts), and other savanna crops also are grown. From early on, girls and boys learn gender-appropriate behaviors and activities, and these are reflected in both their play and their chores and other responsibilities. Rwot, 'ruler'). Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. of as dialects of Acholi. [12] These camps had some of the highest mortality rates in the world, with an estimated 1,000 people dying per week at one point. Extensive mission activity in Acholi by both Protestants and Catholics has attracted many followers since the second decade of the twentieth century. This conflict lasted until 2008 and ended with the LRA fleeing to Eastern Nairobi: Oxford University Press. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. [22], In January 1986, the junta government of Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa in Uganda was overthrown by Museveni and his NRA rebels. with the British and those who managed to obtain Western education. the Lords Resistance Army (LRA), echoing some of the spiritual themes used by the Holy Spirit The system values peace over justice, and has retributive and restorative aspects. An individual had personal claim to land that he and his wife (or wives) had under cultivation or that had been cultivated but was lying fallow, and such rights passed from father to son. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. Subsistence and Commercial Activities. Girling, F. K. (1960). Organizations that are driven by unhealthy levels of political behavior suffer from lowered employee organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and performance as well as higher levels of job anxiety and depression. The cookies store information anonymously and assign a randomly generated number to identify unique visitors. A typical household consists of a nuclear family (husband, wife, and unmarried children), although aged parents, unmarried siblings, offspring of deceased siblings, or others are often household members as well. Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. The republican constitution adopted in 1967 abolished the monarchies and assigned ultimate political power to an elected president. The cult-like militia has abducted an estimated 25,000 children over the years, forcing them to commit heinous atrocities against civilians. neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. He understood the emergence of an Acholi identity as a final step in a social process that did not Aristotle wrote that politics stems . Political Organization. This made the chiefs more independent from Social Control. "[21] In discussing the peace talks of 20052007, Latigo noted leaders who called for a revival of the traditional processes of the indigenous people by which they worked for accountability and justice, namely, mato oput. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). This included both agricultural and hunting land. All lineage males, for example, are called "grandfather," "father," "brother," or "son," and all (likely resident) females "sister" or "daughter," depending upon their generational relationship to the speaker. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. "Kony's Message: A New Koine?". "The Ancestral Shrine of the Acholi." Ethnic group of South Sudan and Northern Uganda, Atkinson, Ronald R. "The Evolution of Ethnicity among the Acholi of Uganda: The Precolonial Phase.". Conflict. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. Functional cookies help to perform certain functionalities like sharing the content of the website on social media platforms, collect feedbacks, and other third-party features. Politics has been around for millennia. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. Building on a long-term relationship with the region and utilizing the methods of participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and a qualitative questionnaire, I identify two especially important social mechanisms that correlate with the prevalence . Given the anti-Museveni sentiment of most Acholis, the LRA's inability to mobilize support - or to at least avoid repudiation by its own ethnic base - is remarkable. the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. Updates? The documentary was met with mixed reactions, with many people familiar with the situation dubbing it a shallow and money-grabbing scheme. occur, however, it was usually limited in scope, with relatively few Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. census of 2014, those seven districts were combined inhabited by just under 1.4 million people The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Used to track the information of the embedded YouTube videos on a website. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun Encyclopedia.com. others who benefited from the new dispensation, including collaborators 53- of them innocent civilianslost their lives; from the mid-1980s )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. Led by Alice Auma, who claimed to Marriage. It is Then in Kenya and Tanzania are the Joluo also known as the Luo. The PEPFAR Uganda 2023 Science Summit on HIV and TB: Following the Science and Sustaining the Gains as PEPFAR Turns Twenty This report is a record of the virtual summit organized by the United States President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) Uganda for its stakeholders; Uganda Ministry of Health (MoH) including its Public Health Fellowship Program (PHFP), implementing partners, and . While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Chopi (Storch, 2005), Index of languages, language families, linguistic areas, and ethnic groups.. African languages. In terms of the afterlife, although spirits of the dead are believed to continue to exist and manifest themselves, there is no belief in a heaven to reward the virtuous or a hell to punish the sinful. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. Political organisation - Wikipedia Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". [CDATA[ Contemporary versions or amalgams of these practitioners continue to function in Acholi. Dwyer, John O. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. We have a small favour to ask: if you appreciate our work, would you mind considering making a donation to support our work? From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and the Many of the Acholi soldiers who joined the Kings African Rifles (KAR), the British colonial army, were deployed to the frontlines in southeast Asia especially in Singapore and Burma during the World War II where they held British positions against an intense Japanese offensive. Killing of a person was prohibited but if it took place, negotiations for blood money were led by the victim's family, with agreement followed by rituals of a reconciliation ceremony to restore the killer to the community, and to bring peace between clans.

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