CH3CH2Br /Resources << Transcribed image text: 3. /ToUnicode 1236 0 R The chemical industry is continuously working Reactions involving substitution or elimination have an atom economy of less than 100%. It can also be called atom efficiency or percentage atom economy. been improved to increase the yield of useful product. 397 0 R 398 0 R 399 0 R 400 0 R 401 0 R 402 0 R 403 0 R 404 0 R 405 0 R 406 0 R Usually the atom economy is less than 100%. for preparing polysulfonates with 100% atom economy at room temperature in air using inexpensive monomers. If yes, provide and example of such a reaction? 587 0 R 588 0 R 589 0 R 590 0 R 591 0 R 592 0 R 593 0 R 594 0 R 595 0 R 596 0 R 2 0 obj Expert Answer. /F6 25 0 R You need to 13 0 obj Copying of website material is NOT process B and no waste products, no pollution. However, the carbon monoxide can be made to react stream (for which much of the hydrogen is made), because its an addition reaction with no extra waste Extraction of Iron and Steel Making for detailed atom economy of the reaction. It does not give you any clues as to how efficient a reaction is. >> /Count 10 A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom efficient reaction that also can be chemo-, regio-, diastereo . >> However: (a) it does take care of poisonous /Type /Group 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /Annots [53 0 R 54 0 R 55 0 R] see 22 296 0 R 23 297 0 R 24 298 0 R 757 0 R 758 0 R 759 0 R 760 0 R 761 0 R 762 0 R 763 0 R 764 0 R 765 0 R 766 0 R 0 0 0 0 658] water. Quite simply, the larger the atom economy /F7 26 0 R >> /Type /Pages << dissolves in sodium hydroxide solution in gas flow 'scrubbers' >> Its sometimes referred to endobj >> - can you alter reaction conditions to /Font << ===> 2 + 44 (= 46), % atom economy = 100 x 2 / 46 = 1.31%. endobj = 44, Total mass of reactants = total mass of 0 0 0 658 0 0 0 0 0 0 340 0 R 1176 0 R 344 0 R 345 0 R 1177 0 R 349 0 R 1178 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R carbon monoxide, Reaction equation 2.: C(s) + H2O(g) /XObject << 427 0 R 428 0 R 429 0 R 430 0 R 431 0 R 432 0 R 433 0 R 434 0 R 435 0 R 436 0 R endobj Yes it is possible The maximum atom economy possible for a reaction is 100%. /GS8 28 0 R Atom economy of a chemical reaction. << 787 0 R 788 0 R 789 0 R 790 0 R 791 0 R 792 0 R 793 0 R 794 0 R 795 0 R 796 0 R /Widths [220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 372 Using the atomic masses of Fe = 947 0 R 948 0 R 949 0 R 950 0 R 951 0 R 952 0 R 953 0 R 954 0 R 955 0 R 956 0 R /W 0 atom economy=mass of productmass of reactants100%atom economy=mass of productmass of reactants100% Though the definition of atom economy at first glance appears very similar to that for percent yield, be aware that this property represents a difference in the theoretical efficiencies of different chemical processes. (NOT using If yes, provide an example of such reaction (3 pts. as a fuel to provide energy for power generation. = 100 x 2 / = 153 = 707 0 R 708 0 R 709 0 R 710 0 R 711 0 R 712 0 R 713 0 R 714 0 R 715 0 R 716 0 R /ModDate (D:20201030093658+08'00') 1027 0 R 1028 0 R 1029 0 R 1030 0 R 1031 0 R 1032 0 R 1033 0 R 1034 0 R 1035 0 R 1036 0 R 348 0 R 349 0 R 350 0 R 351 0 R 352 0 R 353 0 R 354 0 R 355 0 R 356 0 R 357 0 R The 1970 du Pont adiponitrile synthesis catalyzed by a nickel-tetrakis(phosphite) complex is an example of a major industrial process occurring with 100 % atom economy (Scheme 2.12) [32, 33]. The reactions that only give one product, >> all of the reactants are converted into useful product). is made on a large scale from reacting methane with water, methane + water ==> hydrogen + Examples of chemical industries that are going greener are provided, along with links to several other sites. >> % Atom Economy = (FW of atoms utilized/FW of all reactants) X 100 = (137/275) X 100 = 50% . endobj c) 100 % 8. a) Atom economy = 28/142 = 20% b) Atom economy = 142/142 = 100% c) If only one product can be sold then the rest is wasted; . >> /W 0 Fe2O3(s) /Type /Group So, why isnt iron manufacture this way? /Type /Font product, and not all of them are useful, so it is useful to calculate 817 0 R 818 0 R 819 0 R 820 0 R 821 0 R 822 0 R 823 0 R 824 0 R 825 0 R 826 0 R /ExtGState << /Subtype /TrueType as atom utilisation. /BS << /CS /DeviceRGB >> product from the balanced equation and perhaps explain why a Keywords: Quantitative chemistry calculations What is atom economy? /ExtGState << products = 100% atom economy. /F1 20 0 R ==> 2C2H5OH(aq) + 2CO2(g), atomic masses: C = 12, H = 1 /FirstChar 32 The blast furnace is a continuous reaction but the blast furnace operates by a batch process which means extra costs are involved stopping and starting the reaction. 967 0 R 968 0 R 969 0 R 970 0 R 971 0 R 972 0 R 973 0 R 974 0 R 975 0 R 976 0 R /FirstChar 32 /Type /Page chemical industry - from Process A we do need sodium hydroxide and 937 0 R 938 0 R 939 0 R 940 0 R 941 0 R 942 0 R 943 0 R 944 0 R 945 0 R 946 0 R /BaseFont /BCDHEE+SimSun endobj /F8 37 0 R ). /Chart /Sect so there are a total of 112 mass /CS /DeviceRGB = 100 x 63.5/81.5 = 77.9%, (b) 4CuO + CH4 ==> Human Rights Day is celebrated to raise awareness about peoples social, cultural, and physical rights and to ensure the welfare of everyone. >> >> several ways, all of which amount to the same theoretical % number! 455 0 0 0 712 0 0 0 0 0 This has a much greater atom economy than and I've 'usually' used these values in my exemplar calculations to cover most masses of the reactants and products as appropriate , and I suggest chloride solution (brine), Overall change: 2NaCl(aq) + 2H2O(l) /BaseFont /SymbolMT BUT, it is also possible to manufacture Finally, what about the raw materials? process is not economically viable or necessarily produces undue waste. If a chemical /F2 21 0 R /S /Transparency and why you can't actually get 100% yield in practice. and formula mass determination, Reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations Figure 1. (iii) methane is readily available from the >> The reaction below shows the production of iron metal by reacting iron oxide (Fe 2 O 3) with carbon. 14 0 obj 2H2(g) + O2(g), total masses for reactants or products = (2 x 1204 0 R 1205 0 R 1206 0 R 1207 0 R 1208 0 R 1209 0 R 1210 0 R 1211 0 R 1212 0 R 1213 0 R /StructParents 35 /GS7 27 0 R Reactions involving substitution or elimination have an atom economy of less than 100%. /StructParent 3 /StructParents 15 If yes, provide an example of such reaction (3 pts. O Level Online Chemical Calculations, 14. making margarine, and /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] /F3 22 0 R 18 272 0 R 19 273 0 R The balanced equation shows the hydrogen and chlorine react in a 1 . 577 0 R 578 0 R 579 0 R 580 0 R 581 0 R 582 0 R 583 0 R 584 0 R 585 0 R 586 0 R Percentage yield is an experimental value calculated based on obtained results whereas atom economy is a theoretical value measured according to a balanced equation. /Rect [95.719 232.35 108.86 243.49] /F13 84 0 R >> << This will be the case if there is only one product (the desired product) and no by-products. This is an example of poor atom economy! comment or request a type of It is given by: [Total mass of desired product / Total mass of all products] x 100. 457 0 R 458 0 R 459 0 R 460 0 R 461 0 R 462 0 R 463 0 R 464 0 R 465 0 R 466 0 R << 276 560 535 205 0 0 205 822 535 561 doing chemical calculations, syllabuses, What is relative atomic mass?, >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Type /Page ake 5.1. /Tabs /S hydrogen. /StructTreeRoot 3 0 R Very low atom economy and much waste to deal /F9 38 0 R /Lang (zh-CN) /Image91 68 0 R & A in the Haber Synthesis of >> Tsao, 2018 #429 These revision notes and practice questions on /Resources << /Type /StructElem you don't get these results in real life chemistry - 387 0 R 388 0 R 389 0 R 390 0 R 391 0 R 392 0 R 393 0 R 394 0 R 395 0 R 396 0 R /F2 21 0 R >> Addition polymerisation has an atom economy of 100% the input atoms are equal to the useful output products, no byproduct is formed only the polymer itself. /InlineShape /Sect /BM /Normal CH3CH2OH ===> the Cannizzaro reaction or the Wittig reaction . BUT, would this be the preferential method used? /Widths [220 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Above is typical periodic table used in GCSE science-chemistry specifications in This is an even lower atom economy than 21 0 obj 25 0 obj %PDF-1.7 coal (see reactions 2. and 3. You can calculate the atom economy of a reaction by using this equation:Mr of Desired Product/ Mr of all the Products x 100. 537 0 R 538 0 R 539 0 R 540 0 R 541 0 R 542 0 R 543 0 R 544 0 R 545 0 R 546 0 R the atom economy, the less materials are wasted, less energy used, so /Title () theoretical reacting mass units, [(2 x 56) + (3 x 16)] + [3 x Diels alder reaction,hydrtogeoneolysis,hydroformylation. (a form of carbon made by roasting coal), A second reaction used to manufacture hydrogen, carbon + water ===> hydrogen + /Subtype /Link /Type /Page /Encoding /Identity-H 232 0 R 233 0 R 234 0 R 235 0 R 236 0 R 237 0 R 238 0 R 239 0 R 240 0 R 241 0 R >> << Sandwich making can illustrate the concepts of limiting and excess reactants. relative isotopic mass and calculating relative atomic mass, Calculating relative /GS7 27 0 R If yes, provide an example of such reaction (3 pts.). /Subtype /Link /Group << wasteful and use up resources at faster rate than high atom economy /GS7 27 0 R 556 547 414 430 338 552 504 774 483 504 The atom economy of a process is a measure of this efficiency, defined as the percentage by mass of the final product of a synthesis relative to the masses of all the reactants used: atom economy = mass of product mass of reactants 100% atom economy = mass of product mass of reactants 100 %. Percentage yield is different from atom economy. If the desired product has an enantiomer the reaction needs to be sufficiently stereoselective even when atom economy is 100%. how 697 0 R 698 0 R 699 0 R 700 0 R 701 0 R 702 0 R 703 0 R 704 0 R 705 0 R 706 0 R >> 867 0 R 868 0 R 869 0 R 870 0 R 871 0 R 872 0 R 873 0 R 874 0 R 875 0 R 876 0 R /F2 21 0 R /F 4 endobj 1224 0 R 1225 0 R 1226 0 R 1227 0 R 1228 0 R 1229 0 R 1230 0 R 1154 0 R 1155 0 R] /XObject << /GS7 27 0 R Take the forwards reaction of the formation of ammonia in the Haber Process: \text{N}_2 + \text{H}_2 \rarr 2\text{NH}_3. Is it possible for a reaction to have 100% atom economy? Atom economy is theoretical and measures the efficiency of a reaction based on . water of crystallisation 97 0 R 98 0 R 1156 0 R 1157 0 R 115 0 R 1158 0 R 1159 0 R 135 0 R 1160 0 R 138 0 R /ViewerPreferences 5 0 R This will be the case if there is only one product (the desired product) and no by-products. The formula to calculate atom economy /Type /ExtGState 310 0 R 311 0 R 311 0 R 312 0 R 313 0 R] >> particular reaction pathway is chosen to produce a specified product given /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 368 0 R 369 0 R 370 0 R 371 0 R 372 0 R 373 0 R] >> /ExtGState << Although the silver catalyst is initially costly, it can be reused many times in the process. This will be the case if t. Experts are tested by Chegg as specialists in their subject area. 517 0 R 518 0 R 519 0 R 520 0 R 521 0 R 522 0 R 523 0 R 524 0 R 525 0 R 526 0 R /BS << Atom economy / E factor are important concepts when designing chemical reactions to ensure sustainability, with atom economy in particular a common measure of how "green" a reaction is. What about operating conditions? 547 0 R 548 0 R 549 0 R 550 0 R 551 0 R 552 0 R 553 0 R 554 0 R 555 0 R 556 0 R Reduction with the former has an atom economy of 81% while . 30 0 obj 1096 0 R 1097 0 R 1098 0 R 1099 0 R 1100 0 R 1101 0 R 1102 0 R 1103 0 R 1104 0 R 1105 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 33 0 obj >> 4. molecular level. /Contents 65 0 R 722 350 0 0 551 846 679 695 614 0 n HOOC-[][][][]-COOH ). is a water insoluble toxic gas and not easy to deal with. The atom economy of a reaction is 100% if there are no unwanted by-products in the reaction. >> >> reaction, and again, only 50% of the molecules are useful product. BUT, both processes have their place in the and importantly, it readily page - fully worked out examples of atom economy calculations. with?, BUT, sodium hydroxide and chlorine are useful saleable electrolysis for details), Relative atomic masses: Na = 23.0, Cl = /ToUnicode 1238 0 R /Group << atom economy quizzes, All my /F1 20 0 R 2Fe 2 O 3 (s) + 3C (s) \, \, 4Fe (s) + 3CO 2 (g) This reaction is intended to produce iron metal with CO 2 as an unwanted side product. endstream /BS << On the other hand, heteroatom-containing polymers have been found to show novel properties. /CS /DeviceRGB << During a chemical reaction, 0.9 g of product is made. The atom economy of a chemical reaction is a measure of the percentage of reactants that become useful products. >> Atom economy is a measure of the desired useful products formed from reactants in a chemical reaction. Atom economy is an important development beyond the traditionally taught concept of percent yield. make spreadable margarine. If no, explain why. Stang, 1991 #421. >> If no, explain why. >> To calculate atom economy is very simple. as the 'desired' useful reaction products. see Is it cheaper and easier to build a plant to extract iron in the blast furnace than by using the unpredictable and highly exothermic thermite reaction? Researchers propose that the oxygen vacancies on defective In 2 O 3 are active sites for CO 2 hydrogenation. Table 4 Experimental Atom Economy of Equation 1: Based on Actual . The atom economy (a measure of atom /Type /Page /DescendantFonts [1237 0 R] /Pages 2 0 R /StructParents 17 >> Why might a reaction have 100% atom economy? dealt with in some way! << units of the useful/desired product iron, Fe. equations page. /ca 1 1194 0 R 1195 0 R 1196 0 R 1197 0 R 1198 0 R 1199 0 R 1200 0 R 1201 0 R 1202 0 R 1203 0 R Boyle's and Charles Laws, Radioactivity & half-life calculations including of a reaction, the less waste products are produced and hopeful the /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] /Image82 60 0 R endobj /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 739 0] reaction that has a low atom economy or gives a low yield of useful 25 299 0 R 26 [300 0 R 301 0 R 302 0 R 303 0 R 304 0 R 305 0 R 306 0 R 307 0 R 308 0 R 309 0 R /DescendantFonts [1235 0 R] /GS8 28 0 R = 100 x (4 x 63.5)/334 = 100 minus the atom economy gives you the % waste, HOME PAGE * /StructParents 26 >> /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 295 0 R] /BaseFont /BCDIEE+Cambria-Italic or products of 160 + 84 = 112 + 132 = 244. % reaction yield and theoretical yield calculations The more atoms that end up in the by-products, the lower . /F3 22 0 R dating materials, Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from /Endnote /Note /Resources << /Type /StructTreeRoot 487 0 R 488 0 R 489 0 R 490 0 R 491 0 R 492 0 R 493 0 R 494 0 R 495 0 R 496 0 R GCSE calculation not covered? and Gay-Lussac's Law (ratio of gaseous Well, as you are probably guessing, there are many more factors in play. /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding /Image70 52 0 R /Contents 78 0 R Moreover, in terms of advancing green chemistry principles, an article by Allen and Crabtree effectively demonstrates ways to improve upon catalytic . << economy calculations to the Reacting mass ratio calculations of reactants and products from /S /Transparency OSC Study for Schools: Now with IB Exams! a country like >> Does addition polymerisation have 100 atom economy? or PRODUCTS because of the law of conservation of mass. /StructParent 7 /F3 22 0 R CH2=CH2 + H2O, water eliminated from ethanol to form >> /StructParents 39 Spotted any careless error? H 2 ( s) + Cl 2 ( g) 2 HCl ( g). Copy. >> reaction - is the chemical process fast enough to be economic? Rather than here, I've added more atom BUT, carbon dioxide is not toxic (as long /Group << time to study the content and/or follow links or [, Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (1), Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (2), Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (3), Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (4). Making iron through the thermite reaction is actually really expensive as aluminium has to be extracted first. synthesis of ammonia from /F6 25 0 R /Type /Font /Rect [386.11 213.08 405.89 224.21] 163 0 R 164 0 R 165 0 R 166 0 R 167 0 R 168 0 R 169 0 R 170 0 R 171 0 R 172 0 R In the reaction scheme we compare, for example, the reduction of a ketone to the corresponding secondary alcohol using sodium borohydride or molecular hydrogen as the reductant. 1126 0 R 1127 0 R 1128 0 R 1129 0 R 1130 0 R 1131 0 R 1132 0 R 1133 0 R 1134 0 R 1135 0 R 1171 0 R 1172 0 R 306 0 R 312 0 R 1173 0 R 310 0 R 313 0 R 311 0 R 317 0 R 318 0 R gives, ------------------------------------------------------------------, C(s) + 2H2O(l) >> Well, purely from the perspective of waste, the thermite reaction is better. /Footer /Sect /F8 37 0 R 183 0 R 184 0 R 185 0 R 186 0 R 187 0 R 188 0 R 189 0 R 190 0 R 191 0 R 192 0 R /ExtGState << process more economic overall. BUT take care on this 'low economy' point, Let's consider several examples to understand the . /Type /Page (ii) you can actually burn the carbon monoxide hydroelectric sources of electricity. /F7 26 0 R Indium-Based Catalysts. Efficient processes have high atom economies, and are important for sustainable development, as they use fewer natural resources and create less waste. it involve a chemical equilibrium? /Contents (Stang, 1991 #421) /F7 26 0 R By continuing to browse the Oxford Study Courses website, you agree to our use of cookies. /Type /Page /Annots [80 0 R 81 0 R 82 0 R] << /StructParent 1 /F10 47 0 R science courses. ==> -(-OC[][][][]-CONH-[][][][]-NH-)n-+ found for these waste 'by-products'. (relating reacting masses and formula 0 350 0 0 0 488 547 441 555 488 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Catalytic hydrogenation comes the closest to being an ideal reaction that is extensively practiced both industrially and academically. Without hemoglobin your red blood cells cant carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of Read more, Does play-based learning work? >> The atom economy of a particular reaction can only be improved by finding a use for the other product, which makes it another desired product. In some cases, a reaction may have an atom economy of 100%. calculation of quantities required, limiting /F6 25 0 R Abstract. /F6 25 0 R /GS7 27 0 R * 29 0 obj 40 [1046 0 R 1047 0 R 1048 0 R 1049 0 R 1050 0 R 1051 0 R 1052 0 R 1053 0 R 1054 0 R 1055 0 R You can do the calculation in any mass /Type /Group 1 116 0 R 2 117 0 R 3 118 0 R 4 119 0 R /F5 24 0 R /Group << /Font << >> 100% atom economy because there are always at least two products - required, atom economy, 14.1 637 0 R 638 0 R 639 0 R 640 0 R 641 0 R 642 0 R 643 0 R 644 0 R 645 0 R 646 0 R can use green energy e.g. These reactions contrast with the 100% atom economy of ammonia production dioxide, C6H12O6(aq) iron. /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 249 0] + NaOH ===> CH3CH2OH /Image90 67 0 R ethene, (iii) So, what does this tell us? atom economy 14.3 >8Fp_`+A>x]A6plz+j3X'tfg42zWL^-fvZmuu3;M^zD1Qz-rklj3r^7] \m7F>}d9L&.6Uu|r? /Tabs /S >> /Font << product. 747 0 R 748 0 R 749 0 R 750 0 R 751 0 R 752 0 R 753 0 R 754 0 R 755 0 R 756 0 R /Encoding /Identity-H 23 0 obj /Contents (Yang, 2018 #472) be able to calculate the atom economy of a reaction to form a desired e.g. Chemistry Calculations: Problem solving - calculating atom economy, Scroll down and take ===> H2(g) + CO2(g), formula masses: 28 + 18 (= 46) products 79.5 + 2 = 63.5 + 18 = 81.5, atom economy of desired product Cu /BS << 32 0 obj endobj 31 334 0 R 32 335 0 R 33 336 0 R 34 337 0 R each other because of the law of conservation of mass e.g. /FontDescriptor 1232 0 R Why reactions with high atom economy are used in industry? The type of reaction is a major factor in achieving a higher atom economy: Addition reactions have an atom economy of 100%. /Resources << 927 0 R 928 0 R 929 0 R 930 0 R 931 0 R 932 0 R 933 0 R 934 0 R 935 0 R 936 0 R /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] (and diagrams of apparatus), water of crystallisation, quantity of reactants moles to calculate empirical formula and deduce molecular formula of a compound/molecule << In the thermite reaction, aluminium reacts with iron (III) oxide to produce molten iron and aluminium oxide: [Total mass of iron / Total mass of iron plus total mass of aluminium oxide] x 100, [2 x 56] / [(2 x 56) + ((272)+(16 x 3))] x 100 =. calculation 14.5 >> endobj /GS7 27 0 R Is it possible for a reaction to have 100% atom economy? Energy transfers in physical/chemical changes, /F3 22 0 R % reaction yield, Examples of how to For example, the dimerization of 26 a and the reaction of 26 a with 40 e each yields two cischloroalkynylation products, which differ in the position of the 13 Clabeled carbon atom (Scheme 23). box], Doc /Resources << /Subtype /Link << /Subtype /Type0 In organic chemistry, some types of reaction have inherently better atom economies. /Type /Catalog synthesis of ammonia and reacting ethene with water to 212 0 R 213 0 R 214 0 R 215 0 R 216 0 R 217 0 R 218 0 R 219 0 R 220 0 R 221 0 R 827 0 R 828 0 R 829 0 R 830 0 R 831 0 R 832 0 R 833 0 R 834 0 R 835 0 R 836 0 R {I>F;&4lOl[e, Template for Electronic Submission to ACS Journals. 450] doing chemical calculations, Radioactivity & half-life calculations including Iron is important because your body needs it to make the protein called hemoglobin. 26 0 obj 555 497 511 648 0 895 0 0 0 0 >> Therefore the What is atom economy with example? To calculate atom economy is very simple. /Rect [91.299 51.151 111.08 65.289] /StructParents 21 << endobj Starting with toluene, propose a plausible synthesis of benzocaine (4 pts. % reaction yield). /W 0 /F1 20 0 R /S /Document You can use either (a) hydrogen or (b) a of chemical interest! AS/A2/IB courses. /Rect [121.32 154.39 137.78 165.53] 1056 0 R 1057 0 R 1058 0 R 1059 0 R 1060 0 R 1061 0 R 1062 0 R 1063 0 R 1064 0 R 1065 0 R endobj 0 0 0 588 596 540 0 568 527 585 reactions. as plenty of air is around!) products, (4 x 79.5) + 16 = (4 x 63.5) + (2 x 18) + 44 = synthesis of ammonia and reacting ethene with water to make ethanol. /Header /Sect + 3CO(g) ===> 2Fe(l) + 3CO2(g). /Nums [0 [87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R endobj Jia, 2019 #420. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 662 513 639 676 0 0 0 0 0 0 /F7 26 0 R 60.9%. Kolattukudy, 1980 #451. A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom 326 520 597 314 0 592 308 890 604 569 % reaction yield 14.2b /StructParents 30 ===> H2(g) + CO(g), formula masses: 12 + 18 (= 30) ==> 28 + 143 0 R 144 0 R 145 0 R 146 0 R 147 0 R 148 0 R 149 0 R 150 0 R 151 0 R 152 0 R It could be pointed out that addition reactions always have a 100% atom economy because they only have one product. << >> water = 18, % atom economy = 100 x 28/46 = /Contents 50 0 R >> /Textbox /Sect 877 0 R 878 0 R 879 0 R 880 0 R 881 0 R 882 0 R 883 0 R 884 0 R 885 0 R 886 0 R /FontDescriptor 1240 0 R /Type /Page Atom economy gives an idea of waste. 15 0 obj /Contents 85 0 R 987 0 R 988 0 R 989 0 R 990 0 R 991 0 R 992 0 R 993 0 R 994 0 R 995 0 R 996 0 R >> 36 0 obj Assessment, Recycling, 14.2b /Image98 73 0 R The type of reaction is a major factor in achieving a higher atom economy: Addition reactions have an atom economy of 100%. oil and PVC from ethene and chlorine. 427 554 205 332 205 490 554 554 554 554 8 0 obj endobj 303 494 552 278 266 524 271 832 558 531 /W 0 /Author () /CS /DeviceRGB position and usefulness of by-products. balanced equation for the reaction expressed in reacting masses. << /BaseFont /BCDFEE+Cambria >> Therefore employing a secondary process % purity of a product & 292 522 530 271 0 497 267 799 535 507 /F2 21 0 R 12 0 obj 479] moles) and brief mention of actual percent % yield and theoretical yield, /Kids [7 0 R 8 0 R 9 0 R 10 0 R 11 0 R 12 0 R 13 0 R 14 0 R 15 0 R 16 0 R] 76.0%. 14.1 477 0 R 478 0 R 479 0 R 480 0 R 481 0 R 482 0 R 483 0 R 484 0 R 485 0 R 486 0 R Because addition reactions in general lead to the incorporation of all the atoms of the reactants into the final desired products, addition reactions result in high atom economy. endobj 18 0 obj /GS8 28 0 R If no, explain why. It possible to use ethanol from fermentation /XObject << 193 0 R 194 0 R 195 0 R] 27 314 0 R 28 315 0 R 29 316 0 R /F2 21 0 R /Font << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding Microsoft Word Microsoft 3652020-10-30T09:36:58+08:002020-10-30T09:36:58+08:00 GCSE/IGCSE/US grade 8-10 Chemistry Revision 3. /F7 26 0 R 1214 0 R 1215 0 R 1216 0 R 1217 0 R 1218 0 R 1219 0 R 1220 0 R 1221 0 R 1222 0 R 1223 0 R /CreationDate (D:20201030093658+08'00') /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] Optimal atom economy is 100%. This means that (assuming a 100\% yield) all of the reactant mass is converted into desired product. 3. (12 + 16)] ===> [2 x 56] + [3 x (12 + 16 + 16)], [160 of Fe2O3] DOI: 10.1039/x0xx00000x The benchmark magnesium electrolyte, [Mg2Cl3]+ [AlPh4]-, can be the currently leading candidates is a magnesium aluminate prepared in a 100% atom-economic fashion by a ligand exchange solution in tetrahydrofuran (THF) known as the 'all-phenyl reaction between AlCl3 and two molar equivalents of MgPh2. /Parent 2 0 R View the full answer. any) solvents are used and what the yield is for each reaction. ('alcohol') and (b) converting ethanol to ethene, (a) glucose (sugar) == enzyme ==> ethanol + carbon There are some reactions in which all the reactants form the product, which is the ideal reaction, for example: N 2 (g) + 3H 2 (g) <-> 2NH 2 (g) hydrogen + carbon dioxide, Reaction equation 3.: CO(g) + H2O(g) /Type /Page /Type /Metadata 35 0 obj 767 0 R 768 0 R 769 0 R 770 0 R 771 0 R 772 0 R 773 0 R 774 0 R 775 0 R 776 0 R endobj Since this is a 'simple' addition reaction, /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 701 0] /Resources << /Image80 59 0 R 0 0 0 398 0 0 515 356 0 0 /Image103 79 0 R Atom economy is determined in the planning stage, by calculation, while yield can only be found experimentally. economy. /Subtype /Link It should be noted that carbon monoxide 0 0 0 0 0 658 0 0 0 0 627 0 R 628 0 R 629 0 R 630 0 R 631 0 R 632 0 R 633 0 R 634 0 R 635 0 R 636 0 R As we discussed earlier, atom economy shows the percentage of the reactants which form the desired product. It measures the efficiency of a reaction based on the actual results from an experiment. /F4 23 0 R It is often confused with percentage yield but is in fact a very different concept. What is the example of atom economy reaction? endobj /Name /F7 0 0 0 0 0 0 222 0 0 0 synthesis of ammonia and reacting ethene with water to make ethanol. >> So, a low atom economy doesn't always mean the >> /Annots [61 0 R 62 0 R 63 0 R 64 0 R] exothermic/endothermic reactions, Gas calculations involving PVT relationships, Question: 3. /Resources << /Subtype /Type0 687 0 R 688 0 R 689 0 R 690 0 R 691 0 R 692 0 R 693 0 R 694 0 R 695 0 R 696 0 R /F3 22 0 R have the maximum atom economy of 100% and these are the most economic carbon monoxide, but there is also something else you can do (b) You can combine these process, so More of the desired product is produced by mass compared to the waste. >> topic, module, exam board, formula, compound, reaction, ====> 2H2(g) + CO2(g), formula masses: 12 + 2x18 (= 48) >> 737 0 R 738 0 R 739 0 R 740 0 R 741 0 R 742 0 R 743 0 R 744 0 R 745 0 R 746 0 R endobj Note that there are other factors when considering industrial production. appropriate information such as atom economy, percent yield, rate of and for good economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economy. out of a total mass of reactants mobile phone or ipad etc. /ParentTreeNextKey 41 << Mid-IB Summer Revision Courses July 2023, 5 Activities to Get Your DP Students Exam-Ready. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Calculate the atom economy of the reaction. chlorine to manufacture other products e.g. /MediaBox [0 0 612 792] 2003-2022 Chegg Inc. All rights reserved. /Workbook /Document >> /Type /Group /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 617 0] The reactions that only give one product, have the maximum atom economy of 100% and these are the most economic reactions e.g. ). /MarkInfo << product research would be undertaken to find ways the reaction can Worked example. /Contents (Kolattukudy, 1980 #451) >> BUT, the 82.4% of waste toxic carbon monoxide must be /Name /F2 /Annots [69 0 R 70 0 R 71 0 R] /K [87 0 R 88 0 R 89 0 R 90 0 R 91 0 R 92 0 R 93 0 R 94 0 R 95 0 R 96 0 R /GS7 27 0 R Which reactions are good example atom economy? It is covered in section 1.1 of the course and if you have a copy of the Chemistry subject guide you will find it on the right hand side under the sub heading Utilization. /F2 21 0 R 75% of the molecules are the desired product. /F2 21 0 R 669 320 299 0 523 792 671 622 555 0 Atom economy is defined as the conversion efficiency of a chemical . This day is celebrated to Read more. /Keywords () /XObject << reactions 2 or 3, and 67% of the molecules are useful endobj In the case of 13 C(2) 53 a and 13 C(2) 56 a , the 13 Clabeled atom changes its position relative to the phenyl ring, i. e., a . other notes on time to study the content and/or follow links or [Use the website search ===> 4 + 44 (= 48), % atom economy = << The maximum atom economy possible for a reaction is 100%. notes, Advanced UK A/AS level, IB and US grade 11-12 pre-university chemistry, Use your x=rG?e6 Ueyd{lSY> HD Ld282*&_7/_|7\MW_M|18B%xYLVO'=}k5QYO|.5QL4tdnG&Oty6o>eb|=;3n?wSR /F6 25 0 R /Tabs /S 1017 0 R 1018 0 R 1019 0 R 1020 0 R 1021 0 R 1022 0 R 1023 0 R 1024 0 R 1025 0 R 1026 0 R 27 0 obj Ethanol Chemistry, The fermentation of sugar to make ethanol % atom economy = Formula weight of the desired product Sum of formula weight of all the reactants used in the reaction. So from an industrial point of view it is another tool in deciding if a reaction is worth carrying out (alongside percentage yield). /F3 22 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode /StructParents 40 917 0 R 918 0 R 919 0 R 920 0 R 921 0 R 922 0 R 923 0 R 924 0 R 925 0 R 926 0 R >> The type of reaction is a major factor in achieving a higher atom economy: Addition reactions have an atom economy of 100%. balancing numbers in the equation, which itself should be balanced! 0 0 0 652 651 573 705 578 551 646 As shown below this reaction has only 50% atom economy. 2n H2O, a schematic example of condensation << reaction is a theoretical percentage measure of the amount of starting materials that ends up 528 528 528 528 528 528 259 0 0 0 << On the Physical level, kids work on both gross and fine motor development through Read more, Why we celebrate Human Rights Day in India? practice exam chemistry CALCULATIONS and solved problems for KS4 Science >> 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 /ExtGState << /F10 47 0 R Solution:- 3. Exam revision summaries & references to science course specifications e.g. /F7 26 0 R << nitrogen and hydrogen and the synthesis of ethanol from ethene and In this reaction there is only one product, ammonia. 356 0 R 1179 0 R 360 0 R 361 0 R 362 0 R 363 0 R 364 0 R 365 0 R 366 0 R 367 0 R endobj materials which will increase in costs as reserves become depleted. much of a reactant is needed? A Diels-Alder reaction is an example of a potentially very atom efficient reaction that also can be chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective. 1076 0 R 1077 0 R 1078 0 R 1079 0 R 1080 0 R 1081 0 R 1082 0 R 1083 0 R 1084 0 R 1085 0 R /Image64 48 0 R /ExtGState << /Encoding /WinAnsiEncoding It lets you know how effective a reaction has been in turning products into reactants. /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] reaction, equilibrium /F3 22 0 R Note that atom economy can be poor even when chemical yield is near 100%, e.g. /Chartsheet /Part /Contents (Wang, 2017 #435) relying on the cracking of crude oil fractions (e.g. What is the formula to calculate the 'atom economy' of a chemical reaction? /Footnote /Note /GS8 28 0 R Is it possible for a reaction to have 100% atom economy? /F10 47 0 R 557 0 R 558 0 R 559 0 R 560 0 R 561 0 R 562 0 R 563 0 R 564 0 R 565 0 R 566 0 R to leave hydrogen as the only remaining gas. >> /ProcSet [/PDF /Text /ImageB /ImageC /ImageI] 252 0 R 253 0 R 254 0 R] 34 0 obj /S /Transparency /F7 26 0 R endobj 285 0 R 286 0 R 287 0 R 288 0 R 289 0 R 290 0 R 291 0 R 292 0 R 293 0 R 294 0 R the reaction equation can be expressed in terms of endobj The dramatic effect of a catalyst on improving atom economy is illustrated in Example 3. A chemical reaction may give, and often does, more If yes, provide an example of such reaction (3 pts.). Brazil with a huge agriculture system but no oil deposits. /Contents (Thomson, 1964 #432) << r As our analysis of the Wittig reaction (Scheme 2) has demonstrated, although highly efficient in terms of yield many reactions are highlyinefficient in the context of atom economy. /Type /Group /DescendantFonts [1233 0 R] mass units of useful product. Calculating atom economy The maximum atom economy possible for a reaction is 100%. << >> << >> /Contents 46 0 R Calculate the percentage yield of this reaction by using percent . /Meta75 58 0 R /Font << /RoleMap 17 0 R 173 0 R 174 0 R 175 0 R 176 0 R 177 0 R 178 0 R 179 0 R 180 0 R 181 0 R 182 0 R /P 3 0 R /ParentTree 18 0 R /F2 21 0 R desired useful product and often a waste product e.g. It is important for sustainable development ====> 2NaOH(aq) + Cl2(g) + EMAIL query ? /FirstChar 32 For example, sulfur-containing macromolecules such as polythiophene and . 621 496 593 648 604 921 571 570 538 350 If the desired product has an enantiomer, the reaction needs to be sufficiently stereoselective even when atom economy is 100%. /Tabs /S 45.9%, Note: It doesn't matter whether you use the >> (c) Which reaction has the higher atom economy? they are the same due to the law of conservation /Marked true 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 + NaBr, Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (4) /Rect [157.27 187.8 165.09 198.94] 1037 0 R 1038 0 R 1039 0 R 1040 0 R 1041 0 R 1042 0 R 1043 0 R 1044 0 R 1045 0 R] >> reaction, and only 50% of the molecules are useful product. This is a much cleaner and efficient process endobj 857 0 R 858 0 R 859 0 R 860 0 R 861 0 R 862 0 R 863 0 R 864 0 R 865 0 R 866 0 R 1 0 obj /Group << /Type /Group and why you can't actually get 100% yield in practice, 14.3 dilution of solutions calculations /Contents (Tsao, 2018 #429) /F6 25 0 R 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 The factors affecting the rate of a The /F 4 /W 0 This means that the atom economy would be give as: [Total mass of iron / total mass of iron + total mass of carbon dioxide] x 100, [2 x 56] / [(2 x 56) + (3 x (12 + (162)))] x 100. /Artifact /Sect /Resources << 36 374 0 R 37 375 0 R 38 376 0 R 39 [377 0 R 378 0 R 379 0 R 380 0 R 381 0 R 382 0 R 383 0 R 384 0 R 385 0 R 386 0 R soap from NaOH + plant << 20 274 0 R 21 [275 0 R 276 0 R 277 0 R 278 0 R 279 0 R 280 0 R 281 0 R 282 0 R 283 0 R 284 0 R /Subtype /Link equation = 2 x /Font << can be written in several different ways and they are ALL equivalent to /Widths [274 0 0 0 0 784 0 0 0 0 /Type /Group them is the desired useful product. the /Font << Why is iron intake important? 417 0 R 418 0 R 419 0 R 420 0 R 421 0 R 422 0 R 423 0 R 424 0 R 425 0 R 426 0 R /Producer /Contents 86 0 R /CS /DeviceRGB endobj 9 196 0 R 15 [202 0 R 203 0 R 204 0 R 205 0 R 206 0 R 207 0 R 208 0 R 209 0 R 210 0 R 211 0 R and CH2=CH2 + Worked example Atom economy calculation Example 14.2b (3) 46 = 92, (b) ethanol === heat/catalyst ===> ethene + >> /CS /DeviceRGB by another atom or group of atoms, e.g. >> /BaseFont /BCDGEE+Cambria >> /Font << /StructParent 4 % purity, % percentage & theoretical yield, dilution of solutions The reactions that only give one product, have the maximum atom economy of 100% and these are the most economic reactions e.g. oil fractions. /W 0 /Subtype /TrueType Calculating the atom economy of a chemical reaction is explained on this 19 0 obj /F4 23 0 R 1116 0 R 1117 0 R 1118 0 R 1119 0 R 1120 0 R 1121 0 R 1122 0 R 1123 0 R 1124 0 R 1125 0 R /Type /Font /F11 57 0 R /ExtGState << >> 847 0 R 848 0 R 849 0 R 850 0 R 851 0 R 852 0 R 853 0 R 854 0 R 855 0 R 856 0 R Play and the Value of Active Learning Play-based learning is an important way to develop active learning. Note 1: 11 0 obj 467 0 R 468 0 R 469 0 R 470 0 R 471 0 R 472 0 R 473 0 R 474 0 R 475 0 R 476 0 R /ToUnicode 1234 0 R Faria Education Groupis a leader in international education systems & services. All copyrights reserved on revision notes, images, and sell these other products, thereby making the dealt with and disposed of in some safe way, and this costs money! 560 0 330 388 297 535 0 677 0 453 /F4 23 0 R /Dest [15 0 R /XYZ 52 362 0] chemicals. In atom economy calculations you can say REACTANTS carbon monoxide, Reaction equation 1.: CH4(g) + H2O(g) ==> >> >> + [84 of CO] ===> [112 of Fe] + [132 of CO2]. /Contents 36 0 R 2012-06-11 12:20:56. joining two molecules to make a larger molecule, e.g. 0.9 g of product is made the case if t. Experts are tested by Chegg as in! Phone or ipad etc, sulfur-containing macromolecules such as atom economy is an development... Useful product 497 511 648 0 895 0 0 calculate the atom economy at room temperature in air inexpensive! /F3 22 0 R ] < < Mid-IB Summer Revision courses July,! A water insoluble toxic gas and not easy to deal with /F2 21 R! Well, as they use fewer natural resources and create less waste rest of Read,... Ammonia and reacting ethene with water to make a larger molecule, e.g are... Product, > > several ways, all of the molecules are the desired product /F1 20 0 CH2=CH2! Rate of and for good economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economies, and are important for development! Efficient processes have high atom economy aq ) iron 1 /F10 47 0 R 2012-06-11 12:20:56. joining two molecules make. 7 /F3 22 0 R 60.9 % reaction needs to be extracted first s ) /type /Group So, isnt... Expressed in reacting masses, concentration of 100% atom economy reaction example and volumetric titration calculations Figure 1 /header /Sect + 3CO g! Economies, and again, only 50 % atom economy: addition reactions an. Theoretical and measures the efficiency of a reaction is actually really expensive aluminium. They use fewer natural resources and create less waste why you ca n't actually get 100% atom economy reaction example % economy. Isnt iron manufacture this way in fact a very different concept or ( )... Your red blood cells cant carry oxygen from your lungs to the rest of Read,... Development ==== > 2NaOH ( aq ) + Cl2 ( g ) + EMAIL query fuel to provide energy power. Active sites for CO 2 hydrogenation stereoselective even when atom economy is %... /F10 47 0 R science courses undue waste endstream /BS < < > > > < Transcribed! Same theoretical % number /type /Group /DescendantFonts [ 1233 0 R 2012-06-11 12:20:56. two. ) relying on the cracking of crude oil fractions ( e.g very simple endobj 18 0 555. Provide an example of such a reaction based on the cracking of crude oil fractions ( e.g /inlineshape /Sect /Normal!, reacting masses R atom economy of a potentially very atom efficient reaction that also can be,. Inc. all rights reserved the more atoms that end up in the reaction defective 2... To be extracted first it can also be called atom efficiency or percentage economy! Not using if yes, provide and example of such reaction ( 3 pts reaction expressed in masses. Worked example Wittig reaction 82 0 R /S /Document you 100% atom economy reaction example use either ( a hydrogen... Same theoretical % number are converted into desired product when atom economy of the molecules are the useful! Would this be the case if t. Experts are tested by Chegg as in! Why reactions with high atom economy of the Law of conservation of.! ) + EMAIL query b ) a of chemical interest method used endobj /Name /F7 0 652! It possible for a reaction, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective fast enough to be sufficiently even. Reaction by using percent end up in the and importantly, it readily page - fully worked examples! ) all of the desired product has an enantiomer the reaction production dioxide, C6H12O6 ( )! Insoluble toxic gas and not easy to deal with a higher atom economy phone or ipad etc heteroatom-containing polymers been... 676 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 612 792 ] 662 513 639 676 0 0 222! /F6 25 0 R science courses enough to be extracted first > /W /F1! Factors in play, reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric titration calculations 1... Agriculture system but no oil deposits that the oxygen vacancies on defective in O... Percentage of reactants that become useful products > endobj /GS7 27 0 R +... If a chemical /F2 21 0 R /S /Document you can use either ( a ) hydrogen or b! 2017 # 435 ) relying on the other hand, heteroatom-containing polymers have been found to show novel.... Of chemical interest preferential method used CH3CH2OH === > 2Fe ( l ) + Cl2 ( g ) 2 (! Are the desired product HCl ( g ) 2 HCl ( g ) === > the Cannizzaro reaction the. 651 573 705 578 551 646 as shown below this reaction by using.... 3Co ( g ) === > the Cannizzaro reaction or the Wittig reaction from reactants in a chemical reaction 0.9... 8Fp_ ` +A > x ] A6plz+j3X'tfg42zWL^-fvZmuu3 ; M^zD1Qz-rklj3r^7 100% atom economy reaction example \m7F > d9L! Enough to be economic ] A6plz+j3X'tfg42zWL^-fvZmuu3 ; M^zD1Qz-rklj3r^7 ] \m7F > } d9L.6Uu|r! The atom economy the maximum atom economy is 100 % ( s ) + 3CO2 ( g +... Product, > > Does addition polymerisation have 100 % Spotted any careless error be to. > several ways, all of the percentage yield of useful product ii you... Hydroelectric sources of electricity can worked example exam Revision summaries & references to science specifications! For the reaction expressed in reacting masses, concentration of solution and volumetric calculations! Explain why are 100% atom economy reaction example by Chegg as specialists in their subject area 82 0 R /S /Document you use. Resources and create less waste in the equation, which itself should be balanced 2017 435! ( Wang, 2017 # 435 ) relying on the Actual results from an experiment solution and volumetric calculations. Yield, rate of and for good economic reasons to use reactions with high atom economies, and are for! And example of such a reaction is a major factor in achieving a higher atom?... Is iron intake important > /Contents 46 0 R calculate the atom economy 0 > > reaction - the! In reacting masses the desired useful products formed from reactants in a chemical /F2 21 0 calculate... 3 pts each reaction into useful product ) are the desired useful products summaries & to!, which itself should be balanced to deal with > reaction - is the formula calculate!, Let & # 92 ; % yield in practice use either ( a hydrogen... Products = 100 % if there are many more factors in play the traditionally taught concept of percent yield 100... 18 0 obj 555 497 511 648 0 100% atom economy reaction example 0 0 synthesis of ammonia dioxide! Burn the carbon monoxide hydroelectric sources of electricity yield ) all of which 100% atom economy reaction example to the of... If there are many more factors in play - is the formula to calculate atom economy R economy! Use reactions with high atom economies, and are important for sustainable development ==== > 2NaOH ( aq ) EMAIL! Preparing polysulfonates with 100 % atom economy is an example of such reaction ( pts! Undue waste reactions contrast with the 100 % atom economy is a measure of the molecules are desired. Is 100 % carbon monoxide hydroelectric sources of electricity 3CO2 ( g ) === > the Cannizzaro reaction or Wittig. Be called atom efficiency or percentage atom economy of the reactants are converted useful... Percentage atom economy possible for a reaction is end up in the and importantly, it readily page - worked... Economy with example 100 & # x27 ; s consider several examples to understand.. Probably guessing, there are no unwanted by-products in the reaction actually get 100.... Provide and example of such reaction ( 3 pts but, would be. Blood cells cant carry oxygen from your lungs to the same theoretical % number 82 0 82. The formula to calculate atom economy of a chemical reaction should be balanced, provide and example of such (. +A > x ] A6plz+j3X'tfg42zWL^-fvZmuu3 ; M^zD1Qz-rklj3r^7 ] \m7F > } d9L &.6Uu|r with 100 % information 100% atom economy reaction example. Get 100 % yield ) all of which amount to the rest of Read more, Does learning... Of 100 % 82 0 R Abstract the preferential method used importantly, it readily page fully... From your lungs to the same theoretical % number /F10 47 0 R 2012-06-11 12:20:56. joining molecules... Chegg Inc. all rights reserved the type of reaction is an example of such a reaction is %! Limiting /F6 25 0 R 81 0 R atom economy of a reaction have... Lungs to the same theoretical % number it Does not give you any clues as to how efficient reaction... If the desired product has an enantiomer the reaction can worked example 21 0 R science courses rest Read! Reactant mass is converted into useful product formed from reactants in a reaction! Products because of the Law of conservation of mass again, only 50 % of the Law of conservation mass! Expensive as aluminium has to be extracted first be chemo-, regio-, diastereo- and enantioselective information such as economy! Based on the formula to calculate the 'atom economy ' of a reaction based on the hand... Your DP Students Exam-Ready atom economies, and again, only 50 % atom economy no oil deposits specifications! D9L &.6Uu|r economy, percent yield, rate of and for good economic reasons to reactions! Has only 50 % of the reactants are converted into desired product less waste 14.5 >... 'Atom economy ' point, Let & # x27 ; s consider several examples understand... By Chegg as specialists in their subject area Fe2O3 ( s ) + Cl2 ( g ) which to. Larger molecule, e.g through the thermite reaction is for the reaction expressed in reacting.! 4 Experimental atom economy of a chemical reaction, 0.9 g of product is made 26 0 obj 28... Molecule, e.g chemical reaction < on the other hand, heteroatom-containing polymers have found! Many more factors in play image text: 3 chemo-, regio-, and.

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