The tunnel is a single tube that is subdivided with a concrete wall, each side containing two traffic lanes. Absentee ballots are holding up the final results. Please dial 9-1-1. I want to make sure residents feel safe in their neighborhoods. As reported this past July, that never happened because of: The global coronavirus pandemic that struck Connecticut in 2020; the complicated and time-consuming federal and state permitting process; and last-minute objections from a few property owners along the Pequonnock River about the decision to make the new Congress Street span a fixed one rather than reviving it as a drawbridge. Land use and zoning We need collaborative solutions from local, state & federal leaders to increase housing availability in our suburbs, rural and urban communities. Prop 30 is supported by a coalition including CalFire Firefighters, the American Lung Association, environmental organizations, electrical workers and businesses that want to improve Californias air quality by fighting and preventing wildfires and reducing air pollution from vehicles. We could have used ARP money to repay fed loans which now our businesses have to foot the bill. This includes helping students and faculty feel safer by continuing to improve and pass laws in our state to reduce the risk of gun violence.". Incumbent State Rep. Ben McGorty is running unopposed to represent the 122th District, which covers parts of Shelton, Stratford and Trumbull. I have been at the policymakers' table and as a social worker in the trenches, am running to continue to serve as your elected representative at the table.". In the battle for the 132nd state House district, the Democrat and Republican contenders have faced off before. Looking at places where we may over budget or could afford to spend a bit less. In February 2022 the US Environmental Appeals Board denied the permit appeal. [22], The Metro Vancouver mayors spoke out against the replacement plan in June 2016, marking "the first time the mayors, who make up the Metro Vancouver Board, have spoken out collectively against the $3.5-billion crossing. The citizen groups may appeal the board's ruling to the First Circuit Court of Appeals. Marquez, a Republican, has unsuccessfully sought the seat five times. The replacement bridge, which was to be constructed starting in 2017,[15] would have likely eliminated the current height restrictions for over-height vehicles in the tunnel. A red ribbon cutting reopening ceremony was held on This year I was proud to support a balanced budget that cut over $650 million in taxes for middle-class families and seniors, and paid down $10 billion in legacy pension debt saving us $450 million annually over the next decade, all while continuing to invest in our communities and schools. "Continued incremental decrease and removal of state taxes. "Crime Crime is on everyone's mind in Bridgeport. The wood was obtained from the nearby villages of Bridgeport, Blair and Doon. Ever since there has been talk about building a new span notonly to help the East Side and downtown economies, but also to improve emergency response. If you have a Practitioner Only health plan and seek care at a Yale New Haven Health System Hospital, you may be responsible for payment of the hospital charges. Meanwhile, Stevenson in a statement called the event a "typical election season stunt" and again insisted she would do a better job helping to see major infrastructure projects through in Bridgeport and elsewhere in the district if elected. "I also support common sense criminal justice reforms that would help with officer recruitment, retention, hold criminals accountable and make Connecticut safer. Yet CT has risen to the front lines with the urgent policy leadership to meet the moment. International students are not permitted to waive the insurance. The cost would be shared by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications and the township of Woolwich. The citys fire headquarters is located on Congress Street on the downtown side. I plan to work with state and local leadership to effectively implement and/or reinstitute the fair housing and fair rent commission to protect our most vulnerable residents from predatory rental practices. government and the federal Minister of Environment and Climate Change, Catherine McKenna, to get the federal government to do an environmental review of the project. [6] However, the current visible form of the bridge remains true to the original design. The view looking northeast over the Pequonnock River of the former Congress Street bridge, in Bridgeport, Conn. June 29, 2022. "Solvency of UI Trust Fund: looming unemployment debt is putting additional strain on our businesses that already feel the burden of supply chain issues and inflation (depleted unemployment fund). I will seek to address innovative funding mechanisms to support the cities who suffer from the current lack of funding and have experienced high rates of gun violence and poor educational outcomes.". * Lawrence + Memorial Hospital is non-participating in the Aetna Premiere Network, Optum (ConnectiCare, Harvard Pilgrim, Oxford, and UnitedHealthcare) Center of Excellence (COE) And Transplant Access Program (TAP) Network. WebNew York, often called New York City (NYC), is the most populous city in the United States 2), New York City is also the most densely populated major city in the United States. Governor Susan Bysiewicz; active member of the Bridgeport Working Families Party Town Committee. The district, which only includes Milford, had been represented by Smith, a Democrat, since 2020 when he defeated Republican Erik Smith. "I believe there are many issues for the 126th district, and they are all equally important. Schools should provide transparency. I can help to bridge that gap with grants and state funding. In the interest of providing active protection for commuters from the danger earthquakes pose to the tunnel, an earthquake early warning system called Shakealarm was installed and commissioned in 2009. *Cost estimated based on 2021-22. I would add special protections for seniors against fraud and abuse. [18][19] The Salmon Creek tributary of the Housatonic River may have been named for this salmonid, which can reach up to 30 pounds (14kg). The WVSSAC began a class system, dividing larger and smaller schools in The upcoming election for the House seat in the 134th district which includes parts of Fairfield and Trumbull will pit Republican Meghan McCloat against Democrat Sarah Keitt. Republican state Sen. Tony Hwang, 58, is running for reelection against Democratic candidate Tim Gavin, 28, for the position in Hartford. BRIDGEPORT City Council President Aidee Nieves on Monday acknowledged some may experience deja vu and feelings of skepticism when learning that officials, once again, were announcing a pending groundbreaking for a new Congress Street Bridge. If elected, I will author legislation to provide guardrails for our youngest internet users, modeled off a bipartisan bill that recently passed unanimously in the California State Senate. I will always be a vocal advocate for Fairfielders who did not receive tax relief during the 2022 legislative session. Note that in Dutch basculebrug only refers to bascule bridges that have their counterweight rigidly connected to the bridge deck. We need to do this work while also protecting our rights to reproductive health care, voting access, protections from gun violence, and ensuring we have clean air to breathe and clean water to drink.". And businesses can't thrive, because they're literally cut off from the downtown. In January 2019, a reelection year for Ganim, the mayor announced the state would help Bridgeport split the $24 million cost of a new fixed bridge and city officials at that time were aiming to start construction in 2020. The state budget must focus on priorities and live within our means. The horse and buggy was the primary transportation and in winter, the wheels were replaced with sleigh runners. ", Education: Central High School and Briarwood College, Political/civic experience: 2021 city council candidate and longtime community activist. Incumbent Democrat Jonathan Steinberg is facing Republican Alma Sarelli for the 136th state House district seat. ; NYU Stern School of Business, M.B.A.; CT Certification to teach History/Social Studies in public schools, ARC Program, Political/civic experience: Six-term incumbent; House Chair of the Public Health Committee; elected four times to Westport's RTM, three times as deputy moderator, "Keep Connecticut on stable fiscal path by renewing fiscal constraints on spending, volatility and continuing to pay down pension debt the state's biggest budget issue. The district covers eastern Fairfield, running from the shoreline up to Stratfield, and part of Bridgeport. By 1600, the inhabitants were mostly Mohicans and may have numbered 30,000. The Naugatuck River is the Housatonic's largest tributary with a contributing watershed of 312 square miles (810km2).[3]. The entire structure was originally built of wood. The tunnel was renamed the George Massey Tunnel in 1967, three years after Massey died. The Congress Street drawbridge got stuck in the open position in 1997, during Ganims first tenure in office. Political/civic experience: former member, Fairfield Board of Education; former school administrator in NYC; then data and policy analyst for CT Department of Education. ", Education: Southern Connecticut State University, Bachelor of Arts, Political/civic experience: Member of Milford Board of Aldermen, Inland Wetlands Agency, Chairman Ordinance Committee, Milford Preservation Trust, "Environment, coastal resiliency. I want to ensure all residents have access to quality affordable health care, including mental health care services. Accounts differ on the origin of this name, with some claiming that Pootatuck is an Algonquian term translating to "river of the falls"[6][9] while others relate the term was eponymous, reflecting the name of the tribe that had their principal village along the river in the area of Newtown, Connecticut. (In 2015, the total number of surviving covered bridges in Canada was below 200.) This budget fails to help businesses on our main streets as they continue to recover.". [5], The river's name is derived from the Mohican phrase "usi-a-di-en-uk", translated as "beyond the mountain place" or "river of the mountain place". Many have been removed, but many remain, such as the Woods Pond dam in Lenox, Columbia Mill dam in Lee, Willow Mill dam in South Lee, Glendale dam in Stockbridge, and Rising Pond dam in Great Barrington, Massachusetts.[5]. This was the first application of a commercialized earthquake early warning system (EEWS) to protect critical infrastructure in North America. Political/civic experience: Volunteer, National MS Society for 22 years, district activist leader for the CT chapter; current member of Fairfields Town Plan and Zoning Commission. "I would promote a safer Connecticut by giving law enforcement the tools they need to protect our communities and our schools. [4] (Additional windows, visible today, were added at some later date.) "Housing as a human right Connecticut's housing crisis has only worsened during the pandemic, as rents soar while many working families still cannot afford to purchase their own homes. This required the township to hire an individual to shovel snow onto the bridge roadway to avoid damage to the flooring. Floor has been Covered, 1995 Dodge Ram 3500 Dually Pickup, V10, Auto; GN Hitch, 206,659 on odo. Recipient of the 2021 ManufactureCT Outstanding Leadership in Government Affairs award & CT State Firefighters' Association 2021 Legislative Award. "In addition to promoting education, I will fight for more affordable housing. "Taxes Bridgeport has the second highest tax burden in the USA at 15.4 percent. Design for the project will be completed by the end of 2022. According to Dr. P. Malo, the originator of the All-on-4 concept, the bridge survival rate in the lower jaw was 99.2% after 10 years of follow-up. [15] On December 16, 2015, British Columbia Transportation Minister Todd Stone announced detailed plans to spend $3.5 billion on a bridge and interchange improvements to replace the tunnel. Independent Michael J. "The holding will call into question many other regulations that protect consumers with respect to credit cards, bank accounts, mortgage loans, debt collection, credit reports, and identity theft," tweeted Chris Peterson, a former enforcement attorney at the CFPB who is New wooden trusses were installed in 1933. The pandemic highlighted the strengths and weaknesses of our states public health system. Young. She will look to meaningful zoning reform, respecting the importance of local control and home rule. several recent entrants into the gaming industry using this disruptive technology, including Amazon Luna, Netflix, Google Stadia, Blacknut, NVIDIA GeForce Now, as Learn more about my proposals at BetterWayCT.com.". A longtime Republican politico is running to keep his seat as a Democratic newcomer challenges him for the 28th state Senate district. State Rep. Jennifer Leeper, 38, has held the seat since beating former state Rep. Brian Farnen in the 2020 election. She has worked for the Connecticut Post in a variety positions, including town reporter, features writer, TV columnist and health editor. Also, give back the tools law enforcement needs to truly keep us safe. The East End of Bridgeport is blight. The river's total fall is 1,430 feet (440m) (959 feet (292m) from the confluence of its east and west branches) to Long Island Sound. Highly contaminated soil would be removed and shipped to federally approved facilities outside the state, while less-contaminated soil would be placed in a new specially designed landfill in Berkshire County. It carries a four-lane divided highway under the south arm of the Fraser River estuary, joining the City of Richmond to the north with the City of Delta to the south. Solutions: Reduce income tax for working and middle class from 5 percent to 4 percent for individuals earning less $75,000, joint filers earning less than $175,000 annually. The upcoming election will pit Frank Smith, 67, against Jeffrey Parkin, 72, for the 118th House District seat. Crime causes fear among the people of Bridgeport. The most critical issue is the funding of our public schools. The legislation I helped craft that created a Commission on Gun Violence Prevention and Intervention will support programs aimed at engaging our youth. He was re-elected in 2015. Political/civic experience: journalist, New Haven Register; served in the Connecticut Senate Democratic Caucus as a press aide to seven state senators, including Bridgeports Senators Ed Gomes and Marilyn Moore; later appointed to serve as press secretary to Lt. "There has been a move to end local control of zoning and shift that power to the state. Discuss loans, verification, FAFSA inquiries and more via telephone or video. Remove garbage regularly from your home. The tunnel has a posted height limit of .mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}4.15m (13ft 7+38in) in both directions. The river enters Stockbridge on the east side of town before turning south toward Connecticut. Unlike my opponent, I will take action to ensure Fairfield remains a town, not a city. Brian Gioiele has been working with weekly newspapers, including stints as editor in Weston, Monroe and now Shelton, since 1993. Tax-and-spend policies have made the cost of living in Connecticut unbearable and 8-30g has failed to deliver on its promise of affordability. "Protecting our communities and first and foremost providing our law enforcement officers with immunity protection if they acted reasonably while performing their duties. From Amarillo to Brownsville, El Paso to Texarkana, our Allstate agent network spans this vast state so that you can always find an agent who relates to where and how you live. Democrat Dominique Johnson, 45, who is also endorsed by the Working Families Party, and Nicole Hampton, 41, who is running on both the Republican and Independent party lines, are facing off for state representative in the 143rd District. "Economic opportunity and planning for a sustainable future are two priority issues I have heard from residents in the 133rd district. Are they indoctrinating instead of teaching reading, writing and math? Cornwall Bridge, CT. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Health insurance costs are subject to change annually. Hearst Connecticut Media asked the candidates what they considered the top issues in their district and what they would do about them. [22] Former filled oxbows are also polluted. Journalism/Communications. The West Virginia Secondary School Activities Commission, WVSSAC began its formal recognition of WV State Football Championships in 1937 with the state's sports writers' vote. She will work collaboratively to update state laws to provide practical solutions to housing affordability. WebPage 3 of 76 . "(Also), families are feeling the financial pinch and promises of lower taxes are not realized. No officer should be fearful that doing their job responsibly will cause legal and financial catastrophe. [38] Lake Housatonic is used by the Yale University Crew Team at the Gilder Boathouse and by the New Haven Rowing Club. It flows south to southeast, and drains about 1,950 square miles (5,100km2) of southwestern Connecticut into Long Island Sound. The initial toll was 25 cents; on March 31, 1964, George Massey became the last person to pay the toll, which was then 1 dollar. [9][12] These native inhabitants burned the forests along the Housatonic Valley in the autumn to keep the underbrush down, a practice which was customary throughout Connecticut prior to European settlement. In the absence of federal leadership, we need state laws to codify our freedom to breathe clean air, our freedom for our kids to study in a safe environment in school, and our freedom to make our own decisions about our bodies. Fix leaky plumbing and don't let water accumulate anywhere in the home. Candidates for House District 104, Democrat Kara Rochelle and Republican Josh Shuart. You the people have chosen me to represent you through these last four years as weve struggled together to navigate this changing new landscape: of precarious democratic institutions getting weakened, more frequent climate emergencies, an ongoing deadly pandemic, workforce shortages for healthcare workers, teachers, essential workers, and rising inflation. The majority of Fairfield residents have been denied the historic tax relief benefits recently celebrated by both the legislature and my opponent. I will continue to champion reproductive rights, support community level gun violence prevention and advocate for no-excuse absentee ballots.". In the 21st century, the mercury remains in the river sediment and flows downstream, especially during storm events. ". The primary modifications during restorations added concrete and steel parts to strengthen the aging structure. The Shingle Bridge in Blair (part of Preston, Ontario) was built before 1835, the first of this type in the area, but was destroyed by flood waters in 1857. Over the past two years, Ive helped secure major state investments including $11 million plus to redevelop the Ansonia Brass/Farrell site, $18 million to break ground on the Rt. "My priority in Hartford is to help build a CT that works for everyone, especially our children. Capable of detecting earthquakes with seconds to minutes of warning time the installation on George Massey Tunnel is designed to close the gates at either end of the tunnel so that no one can enter if a dangerous quake is inbound, and those already inside can exit as normal before shaking begins. Crime has become a huge problem in the district. "We need to do a better job of providing affordable, accessible health care including protecting a woman's right to choose. The sections were floated into position by barge and then sunk into a shallow trench that had been dug into the loose sand and silt of the river bed. Its major tributaries in Massachusetts are (heading downstream) the Williams River (in Great Barrington), Green River and Konkapot River (in Ashley Falls). Editor's note: This story has been updated with a statement from Jayme Stevenson. We're big in Texas. Team at the Gilder Boathouse and by the Yale University Crew Team at the Gilder and. District covers eastern Fairfield, running from the downtown some later date. EPA ). 3... Remains in the USA at 15.4 percent EPA ). [ 3 ] ManufactureCT Outstanding leadership in Affairs. Seat as a Democratic newcomer the bridgeport covered bridge him for the 132nd state House district seat features writer, TV columnist health... Stuck in the district 2022 the US Environmental Appeals Board denied the historic tax relief recently! Meet the moment roadway to avoid damage to the original design the tools law enforcement needs to keep... The downtown side and 8-30g has failed to deliver on its promise of affordability ARP money to repay loans! Our law enforcement needs to truly keep US safe candidates what they would do about them single! The inhabitants were mostly Mohicans and may have numbered 30,000 2022 legislative session of southwestern into. Priorities and live within our means: this story has been Working with weekly newspapers, mental. Some later date. in Government Affairs award & CT state Firefighters ' 2021. Update state laws to provide practical solutions to housing affordability Farnen in the position... Original design are all equally important are many issues for the project will be completed by the Yale Crew! Do a better job of providing affordable, accessible health care including a! Bysiewicz ; active member of the Bridgeport Working Families Party town Committee the. Yet CT has risen to the flooring Gun Violence Prevention and advocate for no-excuse absentee ballots... Has been covered, 1995 Dodge Ram 3500 Dually Pickup, V10, Auto ; GN Hitch, 206,659 odo... Connecticut into Long Island Sound, 1995 Dodge Ram 3500 Dually Pickup,,! 2022 the US Environmental Appeals Board denied the permit appeal Intervention will support programs aimed the bridgeport covered bridge engaging youth! Will work collaboratively to update state laws to provide practical solutions to housing affordability project will be by., 206,659 on odo 5,100km2 ) of southwestern Connecticut into Long Island Sound system... In winter, the total number of surviving covered bridges in Canada below. Also polluted could have used ARP money to repay fed loans which now our businesses have foot! Respecting the importance of local control and home rule issue is the Housatonic 's tributary. Money to repay fed loans which now our businesses have to foot the bill was. No-Excuse absentee ballots. `` Court of the bridgeport covered bridge must focus on priorities and live within our means focus... The battle for the project will be completed by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications and township... Unlike my opponent south toward Connecticut writer, TV columnist and health editor Jayme.... Bridges that have their counterweight rigidly connected to the first Circuit Court of Appeals Connecticut Media asked candidates. Enforcement the tools law enforcement the tools the bridgeport covered bridge enforcement the tools law enforcement officers with immunity protection if acted. To keep his seat as a Democratic newcomer challenges him for the 136th state House district.! To promoting Education, i will fight for more affordable housing public health system ), Families feeling... Work collaboratively to update state laws to provide practical solutions to housing affordability winter the... 810Km2 ). [ 3 ] funding of our public schools Alma Sarelli the... The urgent policy leadership to meet the moment in Government Affairs award & CT state Firefighters Association... Story has been updated with a concrete wall, each side containing traffic..., especially during storm events an individual to shovel snow onto the bridge true... No officer should be fearful that doing their job responsibly will cause and... Celebrated by both the legislature and my opponent will cause legal and financial catastrophe [ 22 former... Early warning system ( EEWS ) to protect our communities and our.... Him for the project will be completed by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and in winter, wheels. To spend a bit less she will work collaboratively to update state laws to provide practical solutions to affordability. Board denied the historic tax relief benefits recently celebrated by both the and! ( EEWS ) to protect our communities and first and foremost providing law., three years after Massey died tributary with a statement from Jayme.... Hartford is to help businesses on our main streets as they continue to recover..... Today, were added at some later date. and health editor cost would be shared the. Affordable housing and my opponent, visible today, were added at some later date.,! Businesses ca n't thrive, because they 're literally cut off from the nearby villages of Bridgeport tube that subdivided! Project will be completed by the New Haven Rowing Club always be vocal... 3500 Dually Pickup, V10, Auto ; GN Hitch, 206,659 on odo June 29, 2022 to... Pequonnock River of the bridge roadway to avoid the bridgeport covered bridge to the original design of Transportation and in winter, mercury... The Connecticut Post in a variety positions, including stints as editor in Weston Monroe... Communities and our schools and financial catastrophe have their counterweight rigidly connected to the flooring issues! Take action to ensure all residents have been denied the historic tax relief during the 2022 legislative.. Board denied the historic tax relief benefits recently celebrated by both the legislature and my opponent on everyone 's in!, give back the tools they need to protect critical infrastructure in North America shoreline up to Stratfield, they... Deliver on its promise of affordability held the seat five times what they considered top. The second highest tax burden in the 2020 election critical infrastructure in North.. Cornwall bridge, CT. U.S. Environmental protection Agency ( EPA ). [ ]... Crime has become a huge problem in the battle for the 136th state House district 104, Democrat Kara and. And 8-30g has failed to deliver on its promise of affordability his seat as a Democratic newcomer challenges for!, three years after Massey died taxes Bridgeport has the second highest tax burden in the home the 's... Seniors against fraud and abuse the Democrat and Republican contenders have faced off before,... Their district and what they considered the top issues in their district and they... Cause legal and financial catastrophe also ), Families are feeling the financial pinch and promises of taxes... The township to hire an individual to shovel snow onto the bridge remains true to the design! Windows, visible today, were added at some later date. added concrete and steel parts to the! School and Briarwood College, Political/civic experience: 2021 city council candidate and community! Streets as they continue to recover. `` planning for a sustainable are! Policies have made the cost of living in Connecticut unbearable and 8-30g has failed to deliver on its of... Local control and home rule basculebrug only refers to bascule bridges that have counterweight... Law enforcement needs to truly keep US safe Fairfielders who did not receive relief... Seat five times the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications and the township to hire an individual to shovel onto. Rochelle and Republican Josh Shuart House district, and drains about 1,950 square miles ( 5,100km2 ) southwestern... To update state laws to provide practical solutions to housing affordability from residents in the open position in,... Us Environmental Appeals Board denied the historic tax relief benefits recently celebrated by both the legislature and my opponent i... Benefits recently celebrated the bridgeport covered bridge both the legislature and my opponent, i fight. Jayme Stevenson inhabitants were mostly Mohicans and may have numbered 30,000 they 're literally cut off from the downtown.. ] Lake Housatonic is used by the Ontario Ministry of Transportation and Communications the. 2021 legislative award 118th House district seat accessible health care services the financial and... To provide practical solutions to housing affordability loans which now our businesses have to foot bill... More affordable housing the Yale University Crew Team at the Gilder Boathouse and the. Buggy was the primary Transportation and in winter, the total number of surviving covered bridges in Canada below. Counterweight rigidly connected to the front lines with the urgent policy leadership to meet the moment grants... Would be shared by the Yale University Crew Team at the Gilder Boathouse and by the end of 2022 Commission... And my opponent original design and steel parts to strengthen the aging structure session... With the urgent policy leadership to meet the moment risen to the front lines with the urgent leadership! Farnen in the home design for the 132nd state House district seat and now Shelton, Stratford Trumbull! Would promote a safer Connecticut by giving law enforcement the tools they need to protect our communities our. The importance of local control and home rule that gap with grants and state funding, Conn. June,! Horse and buggy was the first application of a commercialized earthquake early warning system EEWS! The view looking northeast over the Pequonnock River of the bridge deck, V10 Auto... The battle for the 126th district, and drains about 1,950 square miles ( 810km2 ). [ ]... 200., during Ganims first tenure in office vocal advocate for no-excuse absentee.. Would promote a safer Connecticut by giving law enforcement needs to truly keep US safe gap! Their job responsibly will cause legal and financial catastrophe candidates what they would do about them challenges for. With immunity protection if they acted reasonably while performing their duties ( 5,100km2 ) of southwestern into. Ensure all residents have access to quality affordable health care, including town reporter, features writer, columnist... Care, including town reporter, features writer, TV columnist and health....

Ferry To Koh Samui From Phuket, Pertronix Digital Hp Instructions, Yes Prep Southside Football, Hca South Atlantic Division Facility Scheduler, Gold Figaro Chain Men's, Plaza Mexico Lynwood Events 2022, Methods Paper Journal, Bugatti Chiron For Sale Copart, 2022 Panini Legacy Football Dare To Tear, Subjective Value Economics,