We primarily present the results of generalized linear population-average models with GEE that show estimated odds ratios of gender-bias associated with the primary predictors: year of publication and country, after accounting for potential clustering by journal. Gender - APA Style Gay and lesbian individuals can present in any number of ways (The Trevor Project, 2021a). The authors responded, "We agree with the reviewer's comment. Please also define p(bias). We agree that the trends are in the right direction and that this excellent news. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and interpretation, or the decision to submit the work for publication. Regarding this passage in the Discussion: We noted differences between journals in the proportion of pairings []. You are not alone. This information should be of interest to promotion and grant review committees as they consider the merit of applications who list papers stating that they contributed equally. We note with interest that the patterns for Africa, Europe, and South America differed from the Asia, Australia, and North American groupings, but caution against drawing conclusions since for some of these continent groupings the number of publications analyzed may not be adequate to make direct comparisons. Thank you for submitting the revised version of your manuscript "Disequilibrium in Gender Ratios among Authors who Contributed Equally". The term transsexual refers to people whose gender identity is different from their assigned sex. Hence, having first author publications is measure of success during the graduate and postdoctoral training years that can affect career trajectories. There are just a few small corrections remaining: 1. In addition, presenting these descriptive statistics in equally-sized pie charts inadvertently conveys that each continent has an equivalently-sized subsample in the data set." US. Washington, D.C.: Author. We agree with the reviewer and have removed the sample size calculation since our sample was not truly random and the formalism requires this criteria for the calculation. Lazovi, V. (2009). American Psychiatric Association. 18) Re the sentence that starts: "It is conceivable that some of the disequilibrium in gender ratio in the earlier years", is it worth mentioning here or somewhere else in the manuscript that, irrespective of the gender breakdown of the science workforce, when considering just those manuscripts with two first authors, one would expect mf to equal fm? Gender mainstreaming glossary - European Institute for Gender Equality The only time you should ask such questions is if someone has given you permission to do so. Therefore, in our new analyses, we looked at the country as a three-category predictor: Europe, US and other. Gender dysphoria is when a person's physical sex does not align with their gender identity. Cross-dressing is a form of gender expression and is not necessarily tied to erotic activity. We also show that the disequilibrium in gender ratios among authors who made equal contributions is not consistent with random or alphabetical ordering of these authors. Likewise, a transgender man, or a person who is assigned female at birth and transitions to male, who is attracted to other men would be identified as a gay man. The revised caption should include a title sentence (in bold). The finding that the preference for male first publications had declined in the past decade could reflect gains by women in academia in recent years. These experiences may lead many transgender people to suffer with anxiety, depression or related disorders at higher rates than nontransgender persons. Genderqueer is an umbrella term used to describe identities outside the gender binary. MNT is the registered trade mark of Healthline Media. Anti-discrimination laws in most U.S. cities and states do not protect transgender people from discrimination based on gender identity or gender expression. Some people do not know that they are intersex until they reach puberty. Out of a sample of nearly 6,500 transgender people, the report found that transgender people experience high levels of discrimination in employment, housing, health care, education, legal systems, and even in their families. Male-Female and Female-Male author combinations were almost as common as male-male author combinations, but the frequency differed in gender order. A further review found that many people do not use it at all, and instead use intersex.. College Station, Texas: StataCorp LLC. Enter the email address you signed up with and we'll email you a reset link. People who are bisexual may experience attraction to different genders in different ways and to different degrees. More than half of transgender and nonbinary youth reported seriously considering suicide. Some recent research has shown that a change or a new exploration period in partner attraction may occur during the process of transition. The gender binary refers to the notion that gender is an either/or proposition. We agree with the reviewers comment. We have adjusted the text to reflect how data were handled. See also point 3 above. This article discusses what it means to be genderqueer, how it relates to nonbinary identity and other identities, and pronouns that genderqueer people may use. Prior to that point, gender was only used in linguistics with grammar attributing words as masculine or feminine. Gender, on the other hand, involves how a person identifies. We inserted the suggested abstract wording verbatim except for the phrase disequilibrium in gender ratios since point 16 below recommends changing this wording. However, this is not always the case. "Trans" is sometimes used as shorthand for "transgender.". Transgender is an umbrella term for persons whose gender identity, gender expression or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. Gender studies originated in the field of women's studies, concerning women, feminism, gender, and politics. In a paper with several joint first authors, male authors are more likely than female ones to appear first. These 57 publications were not used in the statistical analysis. (1993). Gender is something informed by culture, society, and ones relationship to themself. Investigating the power of music for dementia. Be aware of your attitudes concerning people with gender-nonconforming appearance or behavior. We examine whether this characterization of non-gendered languages is in fact correct, by examining whether native speakers attribute gender to English nouns and adjectives. In this work, gender diversity focuses on the percentage and number of women on boards of big technological companies. The authors refer to the proportion of women trainees (citing reference 19) but provide no citation to support their implication that first authors may reasonably be assumed to be exclusively trainees. It involves collecting and analyzing sex-disaggregated data and other qualitative and quantitative information. Country was modelled as a categorical variable with 2 indicator variables in the model and US as the reference category: Europe vs. We note some caveats in the approach to search citations, which can affect the results depending on the method used. The New York Times. Also, they do not report the Chi-squared statistic and degrees of freedom, only the p-value. What does it mean to be gendered woman, man, or genderqueer? For the 492 publications with three or more authors contributing equally, the most common form involved mixed gender contributions (349, 71%). The Greek prefix pan means all, and some use the term pansexual to describe their attraction to more than one gender. The third stage of the study involved adding more papers using both the Google Scholar search and journal website strategies with the searches targeting specific years for those years where few papers were initially identified. The Chi-squared statistic with 1 degree of freedom is 15.1. 14) Please consider changing the title to the following: Gender Inequalities among Authors who Contributed Equally. A transgender man is someone who was assigned something other than male at birth, but who identifies as a man. All rights reserved. The text has been written more clearly in the methods and results to indicate how the data were treated. Is it really therefore surprising that more papers are led by male authors? I'm Elizabeth, and I use she/her/hers pronouns. 11) The original review stated: "16) If grammatically possible, please refer to 'women' or 'female authors' rather than 'females', and 'men' or 'male authors' rather than 'males.'" International Journal of Transgenderism, 13, 165-232. doi:10.1080/15532739.2011.700873. For instance, the chromosomal markers are not always clear-cut. It was an oversight on our part as we thought we had changed all the males and females. They are very aware of their gender and are uncomfortable if misgendered (seen or referred to as a gender other than how they identify). Queer is an umbrella term that encompasses all sexual orientations other than heterosexual; queer is also a slur that is still weaponized against the LGBT community, so some members of the community are not comfortable being referred to as queer or genderqueer. The analysis in the revision has addressed this very well and we now have a very nice Figure 5. Bodies in Meaning Gender Sexuality and the Ontological Matrix. Adult development and quality of life of transgender andgender nonconforming people. Assessing gender differentials in the factors associated with transition to first jobs, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2016.09.014, Author sequence and credit for contributions in multiauthored publications, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pbio.0050018, Vicious circles of gender bias, lower positions, and lower performance: gender differences in scholarly productivity and impact, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0183301, The role of gender in scholarly authorship, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066212, The increasing dominance of teams in production of knowledge, http://handbook-5-1.cochrane.org/chapter_6/6_4_designing_search_strategies.htm. We cannot calculate a kappa score because both authors took on different journals. (2015). In Gender-Positive activities, the focus remains on development outcomes, but changing He hopes to continue advocating for a kinder, safer, and more inclusive world. Hegarty (Citation 2001) suggests that the quantitative researcher should address this definition from a performative perspective to de-construct the gender concept.In this way, gender is a non-essential category which instead is repeatedly performed based on societal norms (Morgenroth & Ryan . I would suggest that the authors consult with a statistician or epidemiologist to help them consider their analytical options, including relatively simple methods such as logistic regression, or perhaps something like generalized estimating equations, to account for any instances of the same author(s) appearing multiple times. Sex refers to biological physical differences, while gender is how people identify. The authors assembled a data set of 3035 articles published between 1995 and 2017 in a variety of biomedical journals in which 2 or more authors were indicated as having contributed equally. Done, as suggested. Genderqueer is an umbrella term used to describe identities outside the gender binary. In general terms, sex refers to a persons physical characteristics at birth, and gender encompasses a persons identities, expressions, and societal roles. Genderqueer can be used to describe a non-binary identity, but it can also encompass fluidity in gender identity or expression. The Figure looks like it was plotted using year of publication as a quasi-continuous variable (i.e., there's one point for each year in the data set) while the source data shows year as a categorized variable (pre-2007 and 2007+) along with country/group of countries as a categorized variable. Gender identity is one's self-identification as male, female . We note that the disequilibrium in gender ratios among authors who contributed equally has abated in the past decade. Gender is a term, borrowed from grammar, to describe individuals' social identity (woman/girl, man/boy) and personality or behavioral tendencies (e.g., masculine, feminine, androgynous, transgender). Although it is mainly associated with feminism and feminist theories, it can be described and. 22) Please expand the caption for Figure 2 to better explain to the reader what is shown in this Figure. Genderqueer people often experience discrimination,which may include bias and physical violence. In a social setting, a set of traits are deemed suitable for each sex. Gender refers to the attitudes, feelings, and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person's biological sex (APA, 2012). We agree that the number of authors can potentially confound our analyses. 8) Results section: "estimated 4%" should say "estimated 4% per year" and "1 to 7% decrease" should read "1 to 7% decrease per year.". About - Gender Studies A person may identify with a gender that is different from their natal sex or with no gender at all. We considered analyzing temporal trends for various countries, but with the exception of the United States had too few per country for a meaningful analysis. This pamphlet also is available in the following languages: Transgender is an umbrella terms for persons whose gender identity, gender expression or behavior does not conform to that typically associated with the sex to which they were assigned at birth. Done. Such necessary details would include: a) On what basis were journals selected? Do the authors have any basis for assuming that there is a difference between these types of credit-sharing such that they must be analyzed separately? Glossary of Must-Know Sexual Identity Terms, The State of Anti-LGBTQIA+ Legislation in 2023, They/Them Pronouns: What They Mean and When to Use Them, Daily Tips for a Healthy Mind to Your Inbox, Accelerating Acceptance 2017: A Harris Poll survey of Americans' acceptance of LGBTQ people, A gender not listed here: genderqueers, gender rebels, and otherwise in the national transgender discrimination survey, Accepting adults reduce suicide attempts among LGBTQ youth, Adult development and quality of life of transgender andgender nonconforming people, It is complicated: gender and sexual orientation identity in LGBTQ youth, Sociodemographic Factors Associated With Trans*female Youth's Access to Health Care in the San Francisco Bay Area. The analysis was stratified by the number of authors: two versus more than two. In particular, we went back to include articles from dates ranges that were underrepresented in our initial search to provide adequate representation across time. A two-part list of links to download the article, or parts of the article, in various formats. (links to open the citations from this article in various online reference manager services), (links to download the citations from this article in formats compatible with various reference manager tools), Download elife-36399-table1-data1-v1.xlsx, Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019, http://www.socscistatistics.com/tests/chisquare/Default2.aspx, Gender and byline placement of co-first authors in clinical and basic science journals with high impact factors, "Equal" contributions and credit: an emerging trend in the characterization of authorship, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annepidem.2010.08.004, Gender disparities in high-quality research revealed by nature index journals, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0189136, First exon length controls active chromatin signatures and transcription, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.celrep.2012.05.019, Women are underrepresented in computational biology: An analysis of the scholarly literature in biology, computer science and computational biology, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005134, "Conferring authorship": biobank stakeholders' experiences with publication credit in collaborative research, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0076686, Committee on Women in Science, Engineering, and Medicine, Women in Science and Engineering Statistics, http://sites.nationalacademies.org/pga/cwsem/PGA_049131, Life science's average publishable unit (APU) has increased over the past two decades, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0156983, Novel loci for adiponectin levels and their influence on type 2 diabetes and metabolic traits: a multi-ethnic meta-analysis of 45,891 individuals, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002607, MBoC improves recognition of co-first authors, Acknowledging joint first authors of published work: the time has come, https://doi.org/10.1053/j.gastro.2012.08.009, Time-to-credit gender inequities of first-year PhD students in the biological sciences, Gender differences in the authorship of original research in pediatric journals, 2001-2016, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.08.044, Gender differences in scholarly productivity within academic gynecologic oncology departments, https://doi.org/10.1097/AOG.0000000000001133, Sharing of science is most likely among male scientists, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-017-13491-0, Contributorships are not 'weighable' to be equal, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tibs.2016.03.001, Number of authors per MEDLINE/PubMed citation, https://www.nlm.nih.gov/bsd/authors1.html, Genetic determinants of serum testosterone concentrations in men, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1002313, Authorship policies of scientific journals, https://doi.org/10.1136/medethics-2015-103171, Gender differences in recognition for group work, The missing women in STEM? Gender as socially constructed 2.1 Gender socialisation Article citation count generated by polling the highest count across the following sources: Scopus, Crossref, PubMed Central. It is not helpful to force the child to act in a more gender-conforming way. American Psychological Association. We spoke to intersex educator Aleksander Berezkin, who explained why intersex people often find healthcare so difficult and traumatizing to navigate. Discussions of gender have come a long way over the past few decades. What is gender? (n.d.). Also, please explain in the caption what the ideal level of this logit function would be. There are many types of gender identity. Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. However, some people identify as neither, a combination of woman and man, or a different gender entirely. For this reason, the confidence interval calculation does not apply. A transgender persons transition is something personal and can be complex. The International Classification of Diseases (ICD)is under revision and there may be changes to its current classification of intense persistent gender incongruence as "gender identity disorder.". We did not find instances of the same author combination authoring multiple papers. Limitations on the use of search engines are discussed in the Materials and Methods. CDC twenty four seven. Nico M. Dellar is a fourth-year USF student majoring in Psychology and minoring in Neuroscience. Many identities fall under the transgender umbrella.

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