[1] The European merchants traded in illegal goods with Muslims. Early civilizations began to form around the time of the Neolithic Revolution12000 BCE. . English is also widely spoken in Cyprus. 3.a: Sea surface temperature of the Mediterranean Sea (water", "2010-2019 SST in the Mediterranean - eo science for society", "The Origins of the Industrial Revolution in England", "Macroeconomic Legal Trends in the EU11 Countries", "5 facts about the Muslim population in Europe", European Tourism 2014 Trends & Prospects (Q2/2014), Sovereign states and dependent territories, Collective Security Treaty Organisation (CSTO), North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO), Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation, Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Southern_Europe&oldid=1165917531, Short description is different from Wikidata, Articles with unsourced statements from January 2021, Articles with WorldCat Entities identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0, This page was last edited on 18 July 2023, at 06:59. Mesopotamia became a fringe border region between the Roman Empire and the Persians. the 12th century. Philip V. Bohlman, Marcello Sorce Keller, and Loris Azzaroni (eds. This definition is relative, although largely based on history, culture, climate, and flora, which is shared across the region. Chapter 11 Euro-Mediterraneans Flashcards | Quizlet Prehistoric Celtic art is another distinct grouping from much of Iron Age Europe and survives mainly in the form of high-status metalwork skillfully decorated with complex, elegant, and mostly abstract designs, often using curving and spiral forms. The Nok Culture - National Geographic Society This however had the indirect effect of promoting the trade across the Caspian Sea. Rock painting was also performed on cliff faces, but fewer of those paintings have survived because of erosion. And, conversely, the Alps and the Pyrenees protect the Italian and Iberian peninsulas from the rains and icy winds from the south of France such as the Mistral and the Tramontane. The last resistance in Tunisia ended in 1574 and almost a generation long siege in Crete pushed Venetians out of this strategic island in 1669. [18] Full Persian dominance in the Mediterranean ended after the Greco-Persian War in the 5th century BC, and Persia eventually lost all her influence in the Mediterranean in the late 4th century BC following Alexander's conquests. So, the Sirocco hot wind that originates in the heart of the Sahara blows over Italy, going up to the interior of the Alpine arc (Po Valley). Politically, nine of the Southern European countries form the EU Med Group. Beginning roughly in the 12th century in Florence, and later spreading through Europe with the development of the printing press, a Renaissance of knowledge challenged traditional doctrines in science and theology, with the Arabic texts and thought[23] bringing about rediscovery of classical Greek and Roman knowledge. Lzignan-la-Cbe in France, Orce[2] in Spain, Monte Poggiolo[3] in Italy and Kozarnika in Bulgaria are amongst the oldest Paleolithic sites in Europe and are located around the Mediterranean Basin. The Mediterranean countries are those that surround the Mediterranean Sea or located within the Mediterranean Basin. European Union expanded to subsequently include many of the formerly communist European countries Romania and Bulgaria (2007) and Croatia (2013). In the 2nd millennium, the eastern coastlines of the Mediterranean are dominated by the Hittite and Egyptian empires, competing for control over the city states in the Levant (Canaan). [17], See: History of science in classical antiquity, See: History of science in the Renaissance, See: Scientific Revolution, Science in the Age of Enlightenment, and Romanticism in Science. [19] Under Alexander the Great, this force turned east, and in a series of decisive battles, it routed the Persian forces and took over as the dominant empire of the Mediterranean. The civilization of ancient Greece was immensely influential in many spheres: language, politics, educational systems, philosophy, science, and the arts. Migration Period art includes the art of the Germanic tribes on the continent, as well the start of the distinct Insular art or Hiberno-Saxon art of the Anglo-Saxon and Celtic fusion in the British Isles. Gothic art developed from Romanesque art in Northern France in the 12th century AD, led by the concurrent development of Gothic architecture. This was the Etruscan civilization, a vanished culture whose achievements set the stage not only for the development of ancient . [note 16]. Question 28 0 / 2.5 points What is a common belief in nearly all Middle Eastern culture? Some notable European film movements include German Expressionism, Italian neorealism, French New Wave, Polish Film School, New German Cinema, Portuguese Cinema Novo, Movida Madrilea, Czechoslovak New Wave, Dogme 95, New French Extremity, and Romanian New Wave. Venetian ships from the 9th century armed themselves to counter the harassment by Arabs while concentrating trade of oriental goods at Venice.[22]. The two styles are often considered one body of classical architecture. This climate is mainly found in Italy and Croatia around the Adriatic Sea in cities such as Venice and Trieste, but also further north, near the Alpine foothills, in cities such as Como and Lugano. [note 7], Map representing the geography of Europe, with the mountain ranges separating Southern Europe, Satellite image of the Apennine Peninsula. "Toward a Comparative History of the Modern Mediterranean, 17501919,", Horden, Peregrine and Purcell, Nicholas. [6] The Ottomans too forbade the export of weapons and other strategic items, declaring them memnu eya or memnu olan to Christian states even in peace treaties, however friendly states could import some of the prohibited goods through capitulations. The most famous of these competitions is the Ryder Cup in golf. At Alnwick Castle, for example, Gothic revival elements were added to the exterior of the original medieval castle, while the interiors were designed in a Renaissance style. These colonies also allowed them to trade with the Eastern world. More organized and centralized states gradually began to form in Europe during the later Middle Ages. The Rock Art of the Iberian Mediterranean Basin forms a distinct group with the human figure the main focus, often seen in large groups, with battles, dancing, and hunting all represented, as well as other activities and details such as clothing. 68% of the Euro-Mediterranean population over age 20 is overweight, with 34% of the men and 32% of the women being obese. Gothic architecture flourished in Europe during the High and Late Middle Ages. The capture of Rome in 1870 ended the Papal temporal power. Ancient Greek architecture was produced by the Greek-speaking people whose culture flourished on the Greek mainland, the Peloponnese, the Aegean Islands, and in colonies in Anatolia and Italy for a period from about 900 BC until the 1st century AD. [29] The 12th century also saw increasing naval and trading progress on the part of Christian powers in the northern shores of the Mediterranean (including Genoa, Pisa, and Aragon), seemingly offering a challenge to the balance of power in the Western Mediterranean.[30]. There is evidence of stone tools on Crete in 130,000 years BC,[4][5] which indicates that early humans were capable of using boats to reach the island. Europe's physical geography, environment and resources, and human geography can be considered separately. European and Mediterranean culture include all of the following except cyclical worldview. Solved Q.35: Culture includes all of the following, | Chegg.com Palladian architecture was derived from and inspired by the designs of the Italian Renaissance architect Andrea Palladio (15081580). Southern Europe is the southern region of Europe. Faades were asymmetrical, and often decorated with polychrome ceramic tiles. The civilisation spread across the Mediterranean between 1500 BC and 300 BC.[22]. Today, the Mediterranean Sea is the southern border of the European Union and represents one of the largest area by Trade in the World. Acculturation low-touch culture. Southern Europe can be subdivided into three subregions: The major islands in Southern Europe generally include the Balearic Islands, Corsica, Crete, Cyprus,[note 2] Sardinia, and Sicily, as well as the island country of Malta. The Soviet economic and political system collapsed, leading to the end of communism in the satellite countries in 1989, and the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself in 1991. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale Vittorio Emanuele II, "The Human Journey: Early Settlements in Europe", National Geographic Italia Erano padani i primi abitanti dItalia, "Discovery Dates Seafaring 100,000-Plus Years Ago", "Bulgarians find oldest European town, a salt production center", Survival of Information: the earliest prehistoric town in Europe, "Archaeologists find Europe's most prehistoric town", "Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (5500-4200 BC) (Abstract)", https://doi.org/10.1080/00758914.2017.1379181, "Almera, ciudad-mundo en los siglos XI y XII? Historic Cultures Between 831 and 1071, the Emirate of Sicily was one of the major centres of Islamic culture in the Mediterranean. See A. Stoia and the other essays in M.L. Modernist architecture is a term applied to a group of styles of architecture that emerged in the first half of the 20th century and became dominant after World War II. Geographically, Southern Europe is the southern portion of the European continent. Classical Greek culture (article) | Khan Academy At its greatest extent, the Arab Empire controlled three-quarters of the Mediterranean coast, and fostered an economic interrelationship between the Indian Ocean and Mediterranean. During the first half of the twentieth century the Mediterranean was at the center of the expansion of the Kingdom of Italy, and was one of the main areas of battle during World War II between the Axis and the Allies. the temperature all year round is hot and humid. Postmodern architecture emerged in the 1960s as a reaction against the austerity, formality, and lack of variety of modern architecture, particularly in the international style advocated by Le Corbusier and Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. The countries in the Soviet sphere of influence joined the military alliance known as the Warsaw Pact and the economic bloc called Comecon. The Arab invasions disrupted the trade relations between Western and Eastern Europe while cutting the trade route with Oriental lands. Jordan-Bychkov (2008:13), Davies (1996:15), Berting (2006:51-56). The Venice Film Festival (Italy) or Mostra Internazionale d'Arte Cinematografica di Venezia, is the oldest film festival in the world. Subhi Y. Labib (1969), "Capitalism in Medieval Islam". ", "The Geostrategic Importance of the Black Sea Region: A Brief History", "Migrant deaths prompt calls for EU action", "L'OPERAZIONE MARE NOSTRUM | eurasia-rivista.org", "Islam, the Mediterranean and the Rise of Capitalism", "De nuevo sobre la "guerra del Estrecho" la contribucin financiera del reino de Valencia en la ltima fase del conflicto (13321344)", Ancient Mediterranean Civilizations Timeline (10000 BC to 700 AD), Ancient Mediterranean History Encyclopedia, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Mediterranean_region&oldid=1167398542, Articles with Italian-language sources (it), Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 4.0. The earliest civilizations developed between 4000 and 3000 B.C.E., when the rise of agriculture and trade allowed people to have surplus food and economic stability. Silk Road - Facts, History & Location | HISTORY You'll get a detailed solution from a subject matter expert that helps you learn core concepts. also Davies (1996:15); Berting (2006:51). ), Schlicht, Alfred, "Die Araber und Europa" Stuttgart 2008 (, Sorce Keller, Marcello. M.H. Final Exam Review Flashcards | Quizlet Evidence shows extensive use of technology, literature, legal codes, philosophy, religion, and architecture in these societies. [19][20], In the Mediterranean coastal areas, olive groves, maquis shrubland, and steppes are very common. Plenty of examples of this architecture are found alongside the Camino de Santiago. [32][33][34][35] Christianity played a prominent role in the development of the European culture and identity. Western European Drinking Practices - Alcohol Research and Health History (See the Latin Arch.) And throughout most of its history, Europe has been nearly equivalent to Christian culture,[23] The Christian culture was the predominant force in western civilization, guiding the course of philosophy, art, and science. It was, initially at least, directly linked to the Counter-Reformation, a movement within the Catholic Church to reform itself in response to the Protestant Reformation. High Context Culture | Definition, Characteristics & Examples - Video CUARANDERO The largest subgroup of Hispanics in the United States is: MEXICANS All of the following diseases are prevalent in the Hispanic community except ATHRITIS The Afro-Caribbean religion knows as the "Way of the Saints." SANTERIA Hispanics have an obesity rate that is: Higher than non-hispanic whites The Basque language is spoken in the Basque Country, a region in northern Spain and southwestern France. Southern Europe can also be defined by its natural features its geography, climate, and flora. Baroque architecture began in 16th-century Italy. Cultural Relativism The idea that all cultures are of equal value and need to be studied from a neutral point of view. [24][25] The notion of "Europe and the Western World" has been intimately connected with the concept of "Christianity and Christendom" many even attribute Christianity for being the link that created a unified European identity. The Fatimids maintained trade relations with the Italian city-states like Amalfi and Genoa before the Crusades, according to the Cairo Geniza documents. The so-called "minor arts" were very important in Byzantine art, and luxury items, including ivories carved in relief as formal presentation Consular diptychs or caskets such as the Veroli casket, hardstone carvings, enamels, glass, jewelry, metalwork, and figured silks were produced in large quantities throughout the Byzantine era. chp 7,8,9,10,11 HLTH2383 Flashcards | Quizlet [24] [citation needed], English is used as a second language in parts of Southern Europe. Religious altarpieces, fresco cycles, and small works for private devotion were very popular. The Bronze Age collapse is the transition from the Late Bronze Age to the Early Iron Age, expressed by the collapse of palace economies of the Aegean and Anatolia, which were replaced after a hiatus by the isolated village cultures of the ancient Near East. Its colonies later reached the Western Mediterranean, such as Cdiz in Spain and most notably Carthage in North Africa, and even the Atlantic Ocean. Balkan nations began to regain independence from the Ottoman Empire. Slavery was a strategic and very important part of all Mediterranean societies during the Middle Ages. 2000: Avignon, Bergen, Bologna, Brussels, Helsinki, Krakw, Prague, Reykjavk, Santiago de Compostela, 2010: Essen (representing the Ruhr), Istanbul, Pcs, This page was last edited on 18 August 2023, at 13:59. [32] Judaism was practiced widely throughout the European continent within the Roman Empire from the 2nd century. Tropical Climates are all the year round very much hot and humid. [41] It includes the oldest known representation of the human body, the Venus of Hohle Fel, dating from 40,000 to 35,000 BC, found in Schelklingen, Germany, and the Lwenmensch figurine, from about 30,000 BC, the oldest undisputed piece of figurative art. The Romanesque style was greatly influenced by Byzantine and Insular art. Many of the most important Phoenician settlements had been established long before this: Byblos, Tyre, Sidon, Simyra, Arwad, and Berytus, all appear in the Amarna tablets. [1] It is also known as Mediterranean Europe, as its geography is marked by the Mediterranean Sea. Romantic art often used colors in order to express feelings and emotions. [21], Beech forest in the Aurunci Mountains, Italy, Stone pines in Doana National Park, Spain, Oak savanna of Alentejo, Portugal (Q. suber and Q. rotundifolia), Temperate pine forests of Monte Cimone, Italy, The Phoenicians originally expanded from Canaan ports, dominating trade in the Mediterranean by the 8th century BC. While Romanticism glorified nature, Realism portrayed life in the depths of an urban wasteland. Cf. The Republic of Venice got to dominate the eastern mediterranean shores after the Fourth Crusade.[32]. The cuisines of European countries are diverse by themselves, although there are common characteristics that distinguish European cooking from cuisines of Asian countries and others. In the northernmost part of ancient Greece, in the ancient kingdom of Macedonia, technological and organizational skills were forged with a long history of cavalry warfare. His empire quickly disintegrated, and the Middle East, Egypt, and Greece were soon again independent. These are the Iberian Peninsula, the Apennine Peninsula, and the Balkan Peninsula. After the First World War, art deco buildings of steel and reinforced concrete began to appear in large cities across Europe and the United States. In battles during this era, prisoners of war were often captured and used as slaves. Many people no longer had to practice farming, allowing a diverse array of professions and interests to flourish in a relatively confined area. The European Union (EU) involved the division of powers, with tax, health, and education handled by the nation states, while the EU had charge of market rules, competition, legal standards and environmentalism. In the first quarter of the 7th century CE, the Sasanians took swaths of the Mediterranean region from the Eastern Romans during the ByzantineSasanian War of 602628, though the Sasanians lost territories by the end of the war. The epidemic known as the Black Death and an associated famine caused demographic catastrophe in Europe as the population plummeted. In addition, Europe has numerous national or regional sports which do not command a large international following outside of emigrant groups. [7] The term has come to apply to countries whose history has been strongly marked by European immigration or settlement during the 18th and 19th centuries, such as the Americas, and Australasia, and is not restricted to Europe. Christians in the western half of Southern Europe e.g., Portugal, Spain, Italy are generally Roman Catholic. European Travel Commission classification, Geographically a part of Asia, considered a European country in, Sometimes included. The Mediterranean Sea was the central superhighway of transport, trade and cultural exchange between diverse peoples encompassing three continents:[1] Western Asia, North Africa, and Southern Europe. In the CIA World Factbook, the description of each country includes information about "Location" under the heading "Geography", where the country is classified into a region. The Reconquista, a related movement, worked to reconquer Iberia for Christendom. Much of this set of traditions and knowledge is collected in the Western canon. Additionally, other varieties of Greek are spoken in small communities in parts of other European countries. Yugoslavia was neutral. Just as Mannerism rejected Classicism, Romanticism rejected the aesthetic of the Neoclassicists, specifically the highly objective and ordered nature of Neoclassicism, favoring instead a more individual and emotional approach to the arts. Yugoslavia was Communist but in neither the Soviet nor American camps. Rococo soon fell out of favor, being seen by many as a gaudy and superficial movement emphasizing aesthetics over meaning. There were a great number of perspectives which can be taken on the subject; it is impossible to form a single, all-embracing conception of European culture. Ingres, Canova, and Jacques-Louis David are among the best-known neoclassicists. Egyptian power moved from the Nile cities to the coastal ones, especially Alexandria. Some parts of Southern Europe have humid subtropical climates with warm and wet summers, unlike typical Mediterranean climates. It reached its extreme form in the Rococo style. The second-largest Christian group in Europe was the Orthodox, who made up 32% of European Christians. [27] The high middle ages also saw the successive rise of two Berber powers, the Almoravids and the Almohads, in the Western Maghreb, fostering the developments of cities such as Marrakech and Fez upon their control over Trans-Saharan trade. For several centuries, the Mediterranean was a "Roman Lake", surrounded on all sides by the empire. Following the Allied victory in the Second World War, Europe was divided by the Iron Curtain. The predominant religion in Southern Europe is Christianity. Additionally, the north coast of Spain experiences a wetter Atlantic climate. Renaissance artists painted a wide variety of themes. ), This page was last edited on 27 July 2023, at 14:04. The figures are generally rather sketchily depicted in thin paint, with the relationships between the groups of humans and animals more carefully depicted than individual figures. Cf. After Christianization, Migration Period art developed into various schools of Early Medieval art in Western Europe, which are normally classified by region, such as Anglo-Saxon art and Carolingian art, before the continent-wide styles of Romanesque art and finally Gothic art developed. It took the Roman vocabulary of Renaissance architecture and used it in a new rhetorical and theatrical fashion. The rate of stylistic development between about 750 and 300 BC was remarkable by ancient standards, and in surviving works is best seen in Ancient Greek sculpture.

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