GENEALOGY OF THE TERM DECOLONIZATION The European powers agreed that those nations claiming parts of Africa had to physically occupy them in order to legitimize those claims. German Imperialism in Africa: From the Beginnings Until the Second World War. Limited industrial and infrastructural growth also occurred, largely after World War II. The colony was headed by a governor. [84] The Nama suffered 10,000 deaths, also around half of their population. Those who survived were forced into work camps and became the subject of various medical experiments and examinations. The researcher Hans Meyer was director of the "Institute for Colonial Geography". The Protectorate Law specified that the regulations on consular jurisdiction would also apply in the colonies. Protestant organizations included the Berlin Missionary Society, Rhenish Missionary Society, Leipzig Missionary Society[de], and the North German Missionary Society. [92] The subduing of the Maji Maji uprising in German East Africa in 1905 was prominently published. In a scorched earth strategy, they destroyed villages, prevented economic activity, and withheld any protection against wild animals. Their activities influenced the scramble for Cameroon because. Wilhelm Solf, who was Colonial Secretary from 1911 until 1918, also undertook tours in Africa in 1912 and 1913. Smuts' warnings were repeated in the press. DO NOT OPEN THIS BOOKLET UNTIL YOU ARE TOLD TO DO SO. Encyclopedia.com. "M$|x*@adLA6s $;a; vB:7A1~>Z()zjRaO>1[7puMU)KAB-^|;R1B $,) ~PC5oq4 Q(1Dn -3rRr'}wesMt~ Claiming much of the remaining uncolonized areas of Africa, Germany built the third-largest colonial empire at the time, after the British and French. Through this conscious strategy, the Germans caused lasting changes to the whole landscape, making it uninhabitable for decades.[82]. Unlike other colonial empires such as the British, French, Portuguese or Spanish, Germany left very few traces of its own language, institutions or customs in its former colonies. The highest legal authority for the colonies was the Reichsgericht (Imperial Court of Justice) in Leipzig. 4 0 obj The creator of the new colonial policy was a successful banker and private-sector restructurer, Bernhard Dernburg from Darmstadt, who was placed in charge of the Colonial Department in September 1906 and retained the role as Secretary of State of the revamped Colonial Office until 1910. Therefore, be sure to refer to those guidelines when editing your bibliography or works cited list. While propaganda was said about both sides it was here in Africa where Germany saw a crushing defeat. MeetLearn - Cameroon GCE History Advanced Level Paper 1, 2017 Germans in the Cameroons, 1884-1914: a case study in modern imperialism Although it tolerated the colonialists, the Nazi government focused on territorial gains inside Europe. In one year, Germany's holdings became the third-largest colonial empire, after the British and French empires. In 1888, when the journalist Eugen Wolf urged him to acquire further colonies for Germany, so that it would not fall behind in the scramble with the other Great Powers for colonies, which he understood in a social Darwinian sense, Bismarck replied that his priority was rather the protection of the recently won national unity, which he considered to be under threat due to Germany's central location:[61]. 1800 - CA. 2 0 obj They appealed to their home governments to annex Cameroon. France and defeating Germany in Cameroon during the First World War, she only needed a . This was perceived as a threat to the "German body politic" and its "racial purity. "[90] But it saw its own share of bloodshed. "German Colonialism and the Age of Global Empires.". It was said that damages were sought in the region of 30 billion dollars. This desire to avoid antagonising the United States also led him to reject a Dutch offer to establish a naval base on the Dutch island of Curaao. requested the British annexation, while King Pass All of Malimba and King Williams of Grand Batanga were more interested in the French annexation. Bismarck was a pragmatist and his drive to acquire colonies in Africa was largely a function of economic considerations, both real and potential, in the emerging imperial world order, European diplomacy, and domestic politics as well. With these it would be able to use gunboat diplomacy to protect the global trade interests of the Confederation through a kind of informal imperialism. The rejection of a supplementary budget to provide further funding for colonial conflicts at the end of 1906 led to the dissolution of the Reichstag and new elections. [121], British placement of surrogate responsibility for former German colonies on white-settler dominions was at the time determined to be the most expedient option for the British government and an appropriate reward for the Dominions having fulfilled their "great and urgent imperial service" through military intervention at the behest of and for Great Britain. "[96], The colonies were romanticized. Parts of modern-day Cameroon were colonized by Germany between 1884 and 1916. !1)agElK({nf#z0Lq?4Fx= AOs Lxzl(n.apYEu__W%xC  Belgium gained Ruanda-Urundi in northwestern German East Africa, the United Kingdom obtained by far the greater landmass of this colony, thus gaining the "missing link" in the chain of British possessions stretching from South Africa to Egypt (Cape to Cairo), and Portugal received the Kionga Triangle, a sliver of German East Africa. [162] The German preWorld War I colonial population consisted of 19,696 Germans in Africa and the Pacific colonies in 1913, including more than 3,000 police and soldiers, and 3,806 in Kiaochow (1910), of which 2,275 were navy and military staff. In conclusion of his studies he advocated genocide of alleged "inferior races", stating that "whoever thinks thoroughly the notion of race, can not arrive at a different conclusion". There was a constant lack of supplies and land and around half of the colonists died. In 1886, Germany and Britain agreed on the boundaries of their spheres of interest in East Africa. In November 1882, the Bremen-based tobacco merchant Adolf Lderitz contacted the Foreign Office and requested protection for a trade station south of Walvis Bay on the southwest African coast. S7wVU?lBZ>EOiB;u4dmq`&ZA m)0reSG*'40/u`^80[i-*p'6pu^+vHauQdu#L\?4n/m(6}i;lr:wLV6)l UZesPF:P2 ]b?v+apKi*QGJ/''Ldo!Ja~tx"'YSEA9G~34^dhXt}9KMk1JB;bM5e?$0+tpPCwGl9EJ\bnSh?kVCRRRz4'<0? 4$Np8rsu $nS%? The two societies merged in 1887 into the German Colonial Society. V)gB0iW8#8w8_QQj@&A)/g>'K t;\ $FZUn(4T%)0C&Zi8bxEB;PAom?W= endobj [104] Similarly, Heinrich Schnee, governor of East Africa from 1912, proclaimed that "the dominant feature of my administration [will be] the welfare of the natives entrusted into my care. Most converted to Protestantism and were educated along German lines. [70] This policy focussed on national prestige sharply contrasted with the pragmatic colonial policy advanced by Bismarck in 1884 and 1885. endobj %PDF-1.7 Background activities on the eve of the German annexation. [41][42], The year 1884 marks the beginning of actual German colonial acquisitions, building on the overseas possessions and rights that had been acquired for the German Empire since 1876. USE A SOFT HB PENCIL THROUGHOUT THE EXAMINATION. [188] Other scholars, are skeptical and challenge the continuity thesis. In May 1889, Bismarck offered to sell the German possessions in Africa to the Italian Prime Minister, Francesco Crispi who countered with an offer to sell Italy's colonies to Germany.[62]. There were no further major revolts in the German colonies after 1905 and the economic efficiency of the overseas possessions rapidly increased, as a result of these new policies and improvements in shipping, especially the establishment of scheduled services with refrigerated holds, increased the amount of agricultural products from the colonies, exotic fruits and spices, that were sold to the public in Germany. The Metamorphoses of Middlemen: The Duala, Europeans, and the Cameroon A portion of French Equatorial Africa was added in 1911 in return for the surrender of German rights in Morocco. "Germany 2: Colonial Empire". [127], President Wilson saw the League of Nations as "'residuary trustee' for the [German] colonies" captured and occupied by "rapacious conquerors". The occasion sets the stage for a continuous history linking bottled European alcohol to capital accumulation, elite power structures, and changing social [19], In 1869, the Rhenish Missionary Society, which had been established in southwestern Africa for several decades asked King William of Prussia for protection and suggested the establishment of a naval station at Walvis Bay. CAMEROON ON THE EVE OF GERMAN ANNEXATION - YouTube "F$H:R!zFQd?r9\A&GrQhE]a4zBgE#H *B=0HIpp0MxJ$D1D, VKYdE"EI2EBGt4MzNr!YK ?%_&#(0J:EAiQ(()WT6U@P+!~mDe!hh/']B/?a0nhF!X8kc&5S6lIa2cKMA!E#dV(kel }}Cq9 American Colonial is a modification of the English Geor, Colonialism, Internal Non-German Europeans were legally their equals.[165]. Bismarck's immediate successor in 1890, Leo von Caprivi, was willing to maintain the colonial burden of what already existed, but opposed new ventures. [140][141] In 1934, the Nazi party established its own Office of Colonial Policy, which was led by Heinrich Schnee, and then Franz Ritter von Epp and was a very active grass roots organization. Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (18151898) was initially not a colonial expansionist, but he changed and signed on to the demands of the lobbying groups for a more proactive role in the race for colonies. [36] In the 1880s, Bismarck would unsuccessfully attempt to annex Samoa several times. Weltkrieg in Deutsch-Sdwestafrika 1914/15", Band 7, "Der Ring schliet sich", Windhoek 2018. Colonial German physicians and administrators tried to make a case for increasing the native population, in order to also increase their numbers of laborers. [123] The principle of "self-determination" embodied in the League of Nations covenant was not considered to apply to these colonies and was "regarded as meaningless". Cameroon - British, French, Colonies | Britannica "[185], The Duala people, a Bantu group in Cameroon, readily welcomed German policies. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Germany rejects mediating in Cameroon's bloody conflict [111] Anglo-German colonial issues in the decade before 1914 were minor and both empires, the British and German, took conciliatory attitudes. He secured support for this comparatively peaceful colonial policy, instead of the highly militarized approach that had been taken up to this point, from all parties in the Reichstag, except for the right. The northeastern region of the island of New Guinea was called Kaiser-Wilhelmsland; the Bismarck Archipelago to the islands' east also contained two larger islands named New Mecklenburg and New Pomerania. The British however did not border about the decline of their trade because. A Brief History of Cameroon, Africa - ThoughtCo After the outbreak of a cattle disease in South West Africa in 1897, the Herero spread their surviving cattle out over the area of the colony. The next day, he also claimed the islands of Merir and Pulo Anna, followed on 12 April by the island of Tobi and the Helen Reef. like to what significant is 1883 in the history of cameroon, The London Baptist Missionary, Joseph Merrick, set up the Jubilee Mission station in Bimbia in 1844 and not 1884, Your email address will not be published. Through the Tripartite Convention of 1899, the west part of the Samoan islands became a German protectorate. [74][75] The Kaiser's attempt to acquire the Baja California peninsula from Mexico as another naval base for the German fleet in the Pacific also failed. Dernburg, as a former banker, facilitated such thinking; he saw his commission to also turn the colonies into paying propositions. In 1895, concessions were acquired from Qing China in Hankau and Tientsin (modern Wuhan and Tianjin). [143] Even within the African freedom movement, these suggestions co-existed with calls for decolonization. With this, the first wave of German colonial acquisitions was largely completed. They had substantial success, since the breakdown of precolonial society, which the German land seizures and colonial wars had engendered, often brought a spiritual crisis with it and the indigenous people sought comfort and support from the god of the new rulers, who appeared to have proven his superiority. [187], While a minority view during the Kaiserzeit, the idea developed in full swing under Erich Ludendorff and his political activity in the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Poland. "The British Other on African soil: the rise of nationalism in colonial German travel writing on Africa,", Sanderson, George Neville. Cameroon - Arrival of the Europeans - GlobalSecurity.org The German government therefore dispatched a naval expeditionary force and subsequently reinforcement Schutztruppe. Joseph Merrick set up the first station in Bimbia in 1884, called the Jubilee Mission. "[124] In deliberations the British "War Cabinet had confidence that natives everywhere would opt for British rule"; however, the cabinet acknowledged "the necessity to prove that its policy toward the German colonies was not motivated by aggrandizement" since the Empire was seen by America as a "land devouring octopus"[126] with a "voracious territorial appetite". In the early 1870s, Germany was neither prepared nor able to acquire overseas territories. Human Rights Review 9.3 (2008): 331360. "Empire" as a description of foreign policy, This page was last edited on 15 August 2023, at 01:00. Jahrhunderts,". click here to download our app and get the solutions, Download this question in our application. 0 A A a{4}]roo"z8+4#m{G Retrieved July 25, 2023 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/germanys-african-colonies. PhD diss., Stanford University, 1968. Lauman, Dennis (2003). Volker Langbehn and Mohammad SalamaRace, eds. the activities of the Missionaries contributed to the scramble for the annexation of Cameroon in many ways: By 1868, the Cameroon coast was dominated by British traders. 11. B European commercial rivalry provoked by the attitude of French traders. Every African protectorate built rail lines to the interior. Participating in the Scramble for Africa would also reinforce its position as one of the Great Powers. They were not considered Imperial citizens, but only subjects or wards of Germany. "[69] Under the new Weltpolitik ("Global policy"), a "place in the Sun" was sought for the "latecoming nation" (as the chancellor Bernhard von Blow put it in a speech to the Reichstag on 6 December 1897), which entailed the possession of colonies and a right to have a say in other colonial matters. In 1845, the orientalist Heinrich Leberecht Fleischer of Leipzig University and others founded the Deutsche Morgenlndische Gesellschaft. [179], Social Darwinism is the theory "that human groups and races are subject to the same laws of natural selection as Charles Darwin had perceived in plants and animals in nature. <>>> Of the German colonies, only Togoland and German Samoa became profitable and self-sufficient; the balance sheet for the colonies as a whole revealed a fiscal net loss for Germany. South Africa's J. C. Smuts, now in Britain's small War Cabinet, spoke of German schemes for world power, militarization and exploitation of resources, indicating Germany threatened western civilization itself. By Charles D. DeLorme, Jr., David Kamerschen and John Mukum Mbaku* - JSTOR V. [/ICCBased 7 0 R ] 2023 . The Native Kings especially Bell and Akwa in the Western Coast as well as Pass All of Malimba and William of Grand Batanga contributed towards the scramble and annexation. Central Africa, c. 1902 In spite of the predominant role of the British along the coast, in 1884 the Germans claimed the region as Kamerun. Your map of Africa is very pretty, but my map of Africa lies in Europe. Extra-marital sexual relationships were socially unacceptable, as leading to "Kaffirization" (Verkaffirung). African chiefs were appointed and made subject to the authority of the local German officials, who were invariably few. Biskup, Thomas; Kohlrausch, Martin. The First World War, presented Great Britain with the perfect opportunity to fight for what the country longed to possess. the German and European inhabitants of the colonies) formed a small, highly privileged minority - rarely reaching even 1% of a colony's total population. Before the examination begins: 3. Africans were conscripted to fight on various warfronts in defense of German imperial interests. Washausen, p. 67-114; the West and East Africa firms, Hartmut Pogge Von Strandmann, "Domestic origins of Germany's colonial expansion under Bismarck. These islands were placed under the administration of German New Guinea. Translated by Bernd Zllner. Cameroon, and German East Africa were the most likely. In an interview with Cecil Rhodes in March 1899 he stated the alleged dilemma clearly: "Germany has begun her colonial enterprise very late, and was, therefore, at the disadvantage of finding all the desirable places already occupied. 149151, in Samoa "German authorities implemented policies to draw [locals] into the stream of economic life", the colonial government enforced that native cultivable land could not be sold; Miller, p. 20, in German East Africa "new land laws sharply curtailed expropriation of tribal acreage" and "African cultivators were encouraged to grow cash crops, with technical aid from agronomists, guaranteed prices and government assistance in marketing the produce. Through these actions, they forced the population to flee into inhospitable regions, where many starved to death. It was further reported that Bismarck wanted nothing more to do with the administration of the colonies and intended to hand them over to the admiralty. "Deutsche imperiale Herrschaft in Kamerun" - WorldViews [182] Furthermore, the wide acceptance among intellectuals of social Darwinism justified Germany's right to acquire colonial territories as a matter of the 'survival of the fittest', according to historian Michael Schubert. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Instead of being dependent on financial support from Germany, the colonies became or were on track to become financially independent. [105] Successful German plantation operators realized the benefits of systematic scientific inquiry and instituted and maintained their own stations with their own personnel, who further engaged in exploration and documentation of the native fauna and flora. - The partition of Cameroon to France . Can a student take English,Economics and Geography as a series? document.getElementById( "ak_js" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); cameroon gce A level June 2023 religious studies 3, cameroon gce A level June 2023 religious studies 1, cameroon gce A level June 2023 religious studies 2. ", Daniel J. Walther, "Sex, Public Health and Colonial Control: The Campaign Against Venereal Diseases in Germany's Overseas Possessions, 18841914. In the Pacific, Britain's ally Japan declared war on Germany in 1914 and quickly seized several of Germany's island colonies, the Mariana, Caroline and Marshall Islands, with virtually no resistance. ." The administration of justice in the German colonies was anything but impartial. Africa Under Colonial Domination, 18801935. The Political History of Cameroon - JSTOR Home '"[142], The former German colonies played no role in the politics of Post-war Germany. The German states prior to 1870 had retained separate political structures and goals, and German foreign policy up to and including the age of Otto von Bismarck (18151898; in office as Prussian Foreign Minister from 1862 to 1890) concentrated on resolving the "German question" in Europe and on securing German interests on the continent. [72] However, from 1891, German efforts in this regard encountered sharp resistance in the Bafut Wars in Cameroon and the conflict with the Hehe in East Africa, On 6 March 1901, as part of preparatory work by the Imperial postal service for laying a German underwater telegraph cable, the colonial official Arno Senfft[de] took possession of Sonsorol island. Roy M. MacLeod, Milton James Lewis: Disease, medicine, and empire: Perspectives on western medicine and the experience of the european expansion, 1988, Tilman Dedering: "The German-Herero War of 1904: Revisionism of Genocide or Imaginary Historiography?". Has the" Manipulated Social Imperialism" Been Ante-Dated?. Check that this question booklet is headed "0560 History 1 - Ordinary Level" 4. Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. The plan was definitively ended with the annexation of Texas by the United States in 1845. German colonial revisionists spoke of a "Colonial Guilt Myth. [64], German interest in African colonies was accompanied by a growth of scholarly interest in Africa. Accordingly, in 1868, land was bought in Yokohama in Japan for a German naval hospital, which remained in operation until 1911. [133] In 1925, the Colonial Imperial Society ('Korag') was established as an umbrella organization, from which the Reichskolonialbund emerged in 1933. Subsequent historians would commend German colonialism in those years as "an engine of modernization with far-reaching effects for the future."[109]. The transition to official acceptance of colonialism and to colonial government thus occurred during the last quarter of Bismarck's tenure of office.[43]. [6] They also sought a more clear-cut "German" state, and saw colonies as a good way to achieve that. These early agreements with local entities later formed the basis for annexation treaties, diplomatic support and military protection by the German government. The concessionary firms were supported on the grounds that they would mobilize private capital for the purpose of investment in the colonies. C misunderstanding between British and German officials in Cameroon, D French fear of the activities of the German traders at the coast. "[44] which became German East Africa. In the years before the outbreak of the World War, British colonial officers viewed the Germans as deficient in "colonial aptitude", but "whose colonial administration was nevertheless superior to those of the other European states". Replacing the misfits was a new breed of efficient, humane, colonial civil servant, usually the product of Dernburg's own creation, the Colonial Institute at Hamburg. These groups exerted pressure on the government to acquire colonies abroad, especially in Africa, by arguing that Germany needed the territories to maintain its economic preeminence. For example, they often allowed polygamy, which was widespread in Africa and the Pacific. German colonialism, therefore, turned to the European continent. Thirdly, the Germans were more friendly to the Natives Unlike the British traders who were very snobbish. PDF AL 2023 HISTORY 1-Copy Germantown, Pennsylvania, was founded in 1684 and 65,000 Germans landed in Philadelphia alone between 1727 and 1775, and more at other American ports. The German occupation of these places was revoked in January 1879 with the conclusion of a treaty of friendship between th local rulers and Germany. Historicus Africanus: "Der 1. At that time, the German penchant for giving muscle priority over patience contributed to continued unrest. [27] Von Werner also acquired a harbor on the islands of Makada and Mioko in the Duke of York Islands in December 1878, which would become a component part of the future protectorate of German New Guinea in 1884. In May 1880, Bismarck asked the banker Adolph von Hansemann to produce a report on German colonial goals in the Pacific and the possibility of enforcing them. History Of The Partition, Exploration of Africa, And German Annexation of Cameroon http://nwufortherese.education/2021/06/28/revision-on-general-knowledge-history-the . Short-lived attempts at colonization by individual German states had occurred in preceding centuries, but Bismarck resisted pressure to construct a colonial empire until the Scramble for Africa in 1884. [28] On 20 April 1879, the commander of the SMS Bismarck, Karl August Deinhard[de] and the German Consul for the South Seas Islands, Gustav Godeffroy Junior established a treaty of commerce and friendship with "the government" of Huahine, one of the Society Islands, which granted the German fleet the right to anchor at all harbors on the island, among other things. In this way, state financial and administrative engagement with the colonies was kept to a minimum. [161], The German colonial population numbered 5,125 in 1903, and about 23,500 in 1913. The reason for this was the fear of tariffs that Hamburg traders might have to pay if the whole of West Africa were to come under British or French control. However, formal boundaries were not concluded until the late 1890s. Refer to each styles convention regarding the best way to format page numbers and retrieval dates. In 1934 the former colonies were inhabited by 16,774 Germans, of whom about 12,000 lived in the former Southwest African colony. POST-1945 HISTORICAL CONTEXTS During World War I, German possession was taken over by French and British colonialists and administered until 1960. The Germans developed public hospitals as well as educational institutions. In total, around 15,000 men under Lieutenant-general Lothar von Trotha defeated the Herero forces in August 1904 at the Battle of Waterberg. He oversaw large-scale expansion of infrastructure. Thirdly they feared the high cost of suppressing trade conflicts with the natives. [166] According the Protectorate Law, however, it was possible for "natives" to be granted Imperial citizenship and to pass that citizenship on to their children. In March 1884, Gustav Nachtigal was named as the Imperial Commissioner for the West African Coast and set sail for West Africa in the SMS Mwe.

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