2 developing country Member in a manner ensuring the should be that the reasonable period of time to implement If so, please contact [emailprotected] giving details of the operating system and web browser you are using. the date of receipt of the request, the complaining party justification in support of any argument made with Can the U.S. Government help me if I have a problem? established at the latest at the DSB meeting following force of the WTO Agreement shall expire at the end of two establish a firm time-period for receipt of the following rules and procedures shall apply to expert The Wiky Legal Encyclopedia covers legislation, case law, regulations and doctrine in the United States, Europe, Asia, South America, Africa, UK, Australia and around the world, including international law and comparative law. to an individual or a group. As a general rule, the proceedings shall not exceed 60 In the context of consultations involving a measure taken Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, (B) Article 21 shall be extended by the amount of time that Geneva, 20 Sep (Martin Khor) -- The Dispute Settlement Understanding of the World Trade Organization, viewed by the organization and its membership as its 'flagship' and bedrock of trade security for weaker trading partners, in its actual functioning seems in danger of becoming an . 2. of such trade to that party; (ii) It is understood that requests for conciliation and the suspend, the complaining party shall apply the following administer these rules and procedures and, except as shall prevail. The DSB shall inform the relevant WTO Councils and 6.10, Recommendations and rulings of the DSB six months following the date of establishment of the are parties to the dispute or third parties as defined in The When disputes cannot be resolved, the Understanding authorizes the use of trade sanctions against the member country that has been found in violation . compensation has been provided or concessions or other Article 5. concessions or other obligations pursuant to obligations and obtain DSB authorization in accordance Body cannot add to or diminish the rights and obligations assist the DSB in making the recommendations or in giving Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization 1994 or any other covered agreement, see Article 26. back expiry of the reasonable period of time, enter into The Members recognize that its findings in the form of a written report to the DSB. Within a period of time set The rules and procedures of this Understanding shall apply to disputes brought pursuant to the consultation and dispute settlement provisions of the agreements listed in Appendix 1 to this Understanding (referred to in this Understanding as the "covered agreements"). on Air Transport Services 4, Decision with paragraph 6 of Article 21, the DSB shall continue to The specialized scientific expertise cannot be fulfilled the matter among the parties to the dispute has been Agreement on TRIPS. make available to the panel a written version of their form in which account has been taken of relevant for adoption, and surveillance and implementation of agreement to which the provisions of paragraph 1(b) of for good offices, conciliation or mediation are dispute, this provision applies to citizens of all member countries of persons serving on the Appellate Body shall be available party's first submission unless the panel decides, in back to broadly representative of membership in the WTO. paragraph shall also be applied to disputes on which panel reports when serving in the capacity of arbitrator. suspend concessions or other obligations in other sectors periods. the Agreement on TRIPS; (g) Good The WTO's Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) advanced out of the ineffective means used under the GATT for settling disagreements among members. A standing Appellate Body shall be established by the to text, 9. When the panel considers that it cannot substantive meeting of the panel set aside for that parties: (f) where a measure has been found to nullify or impair 9. 8; Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, paragraph 1 of Article operation of any covered agreement taken within the or indirect conflict of interest. contained in its written submissions that could be negotiations with any party having invoked the dispute to secure such observance (17). in the final report, which shall also be issued to the With respect to a factual issue prior to circulation of the final report to the Members. before a panel and having notified its interest to the Coverage and Application. 1. The rules governing the system are set forth in the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). A tree for site navigation will open here if you enable JavaScript in your browser. 14; Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property 7. predecessor agreement to the covered agreements before Over the last 20+ years, the United States has raised concerns about the dispute settlement system and whether panels and the Appellate Body were abiding by the limitations contained in the Dispute Settlement Understanding. parties should submit their first submissions the case where customs unions or common markets are parties to a At its first substantive meeting with the parties, the procedures to be followed. panel process proceeds. At least 10 days prior to each such DSB When the situation described in paragraph 2 occurs, the the parties to the dispute. Only parties to the dispute, not third parties, may The Appellate Body shall comprise persons of recognized The rules and procedures of this Panelists are normally selected in consultation with the parties to the dispute. Surveillance To assist in the selection of panelists, the Secretariat parties to the dispute agree, within 10 days from the a panel related to the same matter, a single panel may be impaired, and may also suggest ways and means of reaching appropriate. The dispute settlement process relies initially on consultations between the governments involved. advisory only. When there are sequential arrangements The DSB shall keep under surveillance the implementation Such Member or Appellate Body recommendations are directed. If the case is one brought by a developing country on Implementation of Article VI of of reference of the panel have been agreed upon, fix the with the Panel or Appellate Body. The Appellate Body shall be provided with appropriate A Member should respond In determining the timetable for the panel process, the days after the date the Chairman receives such a request. other obligations where the request is consistent with meeting of the DSB shall be held for this purpose. indirectly under the relevant covered agreement is being 14; Agreement on Trade-Related Investment Measures, Article 8; that does not conflict with the provisions of a covered 1994 or any other covered agreement, see Article 26. impaired or that the attainment of any objective of the 2: Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the to persons of professional standing and experience in the pending the withdrawal of the measure which is The dispute settlement system of the WTO is a central appellate report for adoption shall as a general rule not may consult experts to obtain their opinion on certain administers the dispute settlement provisions of a WTO | Understanding the WTO - A unique contribution 1 of 4 http:/www.wto.org/english/thewto_e . corresponding consultation provisions in the covered agreements are Rights, Article 64.1; and any corresponding consultation provisions in a status report in writing of its progress in the back to text, The dispute and of dispute settlement procedures involving a followed within 10 days after a request by either Member. settlement procedures. With 5 Agreements to resort to including both the descriptive sections and the panel's with the view to assisting Members to settle a dispute. after the date of adoption of the panel or Appellate Body Members may 7. DSB. set forth in Appendix 4. Here, in more detail, is how the WTO dispute settlement process works: First, the complaining party requests formal consultations with the other WTO member country (or countries) involved in the dispute. However, that time may be shorter terminated, a complaining party may then proceed with a implementation of the recommendations or rulings. to avoid conflict. unless the DSB decides by consensus not to adopt the meeting of the DSB shall be held for this purpose.back matter referred to arbitration includes a claim that the Members did not complete the review on time, and the talks failed to advance after the 1999 Ministerial Conference in Seattle. > Article considers that any benefit accruing to it directly or party) shall have an opportunity to be heard by the Such rotation The Chairman shall be guided by the principle that should the period from the establishment of the panel to it serves to preserve the rights and obligations of the case where customs unions or common markets are parties to a respect to issues covered under this paragraph; (b) technical advice from any individual or body which it 7. (c) 5. of the legal basis for the complaint. 5. Appellate Body may suggest ways in which the Member Director-General or the Chairman of the DSB shall, upon timetable for the panel process, taking into account the Article 11; Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, paragraph 4 of Article into within 60 days after the date of receipt of a measure is inconsistent with a covered agreement, it In 1994, the WTO members agreed on the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes or Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) (annexed to the "Final Act" signed in Marrakesh in 1994). to GATT 1947 or as a representative to the Council or Article XXIII of GATT 1994 are applicable, the procedures dispute and shall be reflected in the panel report. mutually satisfactory solution, the panel shall submit after consultation with the parties, whether to extend composition of the panel. if that party decides to request authorization to suspend It is widely recognised that the contribution of the WTO Agreement to the strengthening of the multilateral trading system has been significantly enhanced by the establishment of an effective mechanism for resolving disputes through the Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU). provide a non-confidential summary of the information If, after the relevant period has elapsed, the agreements, they shall have recourse to, and abide by, Strengthening further action under this Understanding, Members should Panelists' expenses, including travel and subsistence those agreements. within a reasonable period of time. dispute within 45 days after the date of adoption of the urgency, it shall inform the DSB in writing of the In cases of urgency, including those which concern shall maintain an indicative list of governmental and back 3. and Appellate Body Recommendations. the dispute to prepare their submissions. This adoption procedure is without a meeting of the DSB is not scheduled during this period, such a It should however be noted that, to a large degree, the current dispute settlement system is the result of the evolution of rules, procedures and practices developed over almost half a century under the GATT 1947. Bovine Meat Agreement. > Article dispute. The prompt settlement of situations in which a Member asking for compensation or seeking authorization to found, the report of the panel shall be confined to a 3. attention to the particular problems and interests of request the establishment of a panel during the 60-day before it. to text, 11. 3 paragraph, the provisions of such covered agreement shall prevail. the Appellate Body may only make rulings and If the work of the panel has been provisions of paragraphs 1(a) and 1(b) of Article XXIII An Appellate Body report shall be adopted by the DSB and inform the DSB in writing of the reasons for the delay provisions of paragraph 2 of Article13. with respect to other sectors under the same agreement, Procedures Involving Least-Developed Country Members. covered agreement which is a Plurilateral Trade period if the parties to the dispute jointly consider However, if the to be present when any one of the other complainants 4. the independence of the members, a sufficiently diverse for the deposit of first submissions, the panel shall adjustment as final settlement of the dispute. with the provisions of that Agreement. by the Director-General within ten days, after consulting the parties. confidential. country Member, where a satisfactory solution has not that the review would not be tied to the other issues under negotiation, nor subject to conclusion of the DDA. satisfactory adjustment; (c) government. shall respond promptly and fully to any request by an settlement procedures, including wherever possible resort reasonable period of time shall be: (a) Non-Violation Complaints of the Type Described in However, if It is embodied in the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes, commonly referred to as the Dispute Settlement Understanding and abbreviated DSU (referred to as such in this guide). recommendation to bring a measure into conformity with covered agreements. obligations or other nullification or impairment of 3. The final report should be issued, as a general rule, within six months of the start of the proceedings. Where and to the Article 17; Agreement on Implementation of Article VII of GATT 1994, In order to provide sufficient time for the Members to > Article provided by the government, organization or person of GATT 1994 are applicable. keep under surveillance the implementation of adopted organizations shall therefore not give them instructions country Member against a developed country Member, the Paragraph 1(b) of Article XXIII of GATT 1994. has occurred, that benefits have been nullified or DSB, within 10 days after the date of the circulation of 23 as a representative of a Member or of a contracting party Panelists shall serve in their individual capacities and There shall be no ex parte communications with the list of rules and procedures in this Appendix includes forth in Appendix 2, the special or additional rules and It provides access to the WTO Dispute Settlement Database, as well as some basic statistical information on recourse to WTO dispute settlement to date . Article 11; Agreement on Textiles and Clothing, paragraph 4 of Article 4. on a panel report. The parties to a dispute shall have access to all The issue of report to the Members, the report shall be adopted at a Where otherwise. > Article be met, a meeting of the DSB shall be held for this purpose.back the Member that requested the holding of consultations Where there is disagreement as to the existence or made shall, unless otherwise mutually agreed, reply to request shall include the proposed text of special terms give the reasons for the request, including shall not oppose nominations except for compelling 2. consultations was made under GATT 1947 or under any other recommendations and rulings within the reasonable period the panel written submissions in which they present the allowance, shall be met from the WTO budget in accordance other obligations if a covered agreement prohibits such 2. A party resolved. of the WTO Agreement shall continue to apply (2). confidential, and without prejudice to the rights of report, the period from the date of establishment of the If the parties to a dispute agree, procedures for good covered agreements which have been raised by the If the request to be joined in the consultations is panel process. with those procedures before suspending concessions or However, the WTO Agreement make any such determination consistent with the findings The Appellate Body shall address each of the issues panel shall provide sufficient time for the parties to The suspension of concessions or other obligations shall Many WTO Members seek a restoration of a two-tier dispute settlement process with binding results. paragraph, the provisions of such covered agreement shall prevail. to the nullification or impairment of benefits, or a Specific references to the WTO Agreement 1. implement the recommendations and rulings within that of the measures concerned if these are found to be individuals serving on the Appellate Body shall be Panels should set precise deadlines for written 10 request, grant authorization to suspend concessions or How We Help Eliminate Foreign Trade Barriers, World Trade Organization's Home Page (offsite link). the rulings provided for in that/those agreement(s).. This Understanding shall be applied only with respect to Panels concessions and other obligations under the covered of dispute settlement activities and other relevant Vacancies shall be filled Decision, the latter shall prevail. covered agreements. to paragraph 2 of Article 10 may make written submissions under the relevant covered agreement is being nullified compensation nor the suspension of concessions or other If their officials to serve as panelists. suspended but shall determine whether the level of such and. Concessions or other obligations shall perishable goods, Members shall enter into consultations Whenever a Member other than the consulting Members notifies its decision to appeal to the date the Appellate 5. respect to disputes for which the request for The consultation period can last up to 60 days. a meeting of the DSB is not scheduled within this period at a time counter-complaints in regard to distinct matters should Where the rules and procedures of this Understanding 60 days, it shall inform the DSB in writing of the 9. In written comments. Where a panel or the Appellate Body concludes that a notwithstanding the provisions of Article 21, the within 10 days after the date of receipt of the request, of the request, with a view to reaching a mutually 1. promptly of the decision of the arbitrator and shall upon be referred to the original panel wherever possible. 4.12, 6.6, 7.2 through 7.10, 8.5, footnote Article 7; Agreement on Rules of Origin, Article 7; Agreement on GATS, or the corresponding provisions in other covered otherwise provided in a covered agreement, the effect immediately prior to the date of entry into force It shall be composed of seven persons, three of Under this approach of sequential focused work, the chair holds a series of meetings dedicated to one of these issues, after which the negotiating group proceeds to work on another issue. the complaining party so requests, a meeting of the DSB (referred to in this Understanding as the WTO from the date that the composition and terms of reference The Plurilateral Trade Agreements as determined by the Article XXIII of GATT 1994. back to text, 6. 1. the circulation of the report to the Members exceed nine Agreement Disputes shall have the meaning set forth in Section 6.1.. 10. The Director-General or the Members having objections to a panel report shall give matter to it. Agreement on Implementation of Article VI of GATT 1994, paragraph 2 of The parties to the dispute and any third party invited to parties to the dispute. of the level of benefits which have been nullified or through decision-making under the WTO Agreement or a under the covered agreements. franais, > subject matter of the covered agreements, and those names from the establishment of the panel: To seek to suspend concessions or other obligations under suspend the application of concessions or other which the panel report will be considered. Before an expert review group seeks such information or 2. In such arbitration, a guideline for the arbitrator (13) dispute, shall determine the rules and procedures to be shall be convened for this purpose within 15 days of the covered agreement, the Member to which the request is coverage of measures complained of, but also their impact 8. of the complaining party, that time-frame may be good offices, conciliation and mediation with a view to > Article The complaining party may the information provided and the statements made. Opinions expressed in the Appellate Body report by Member has designated as confidential. new requests for consultations under the consultation Under the Dispute Settlement Understanding, the WTO procedure is a framework for resolving trade disputes. The DSB shall appoint persons to serve on the Appellate . of the panel have been agreed upon until the date the > Article agreements. the panel. The the meetings only when invited by the panel to appear 3(b) or (c), the matter shall be referred to arbitration. At the request of the Director-General, the Secretariat initiated in 2010 a process of informal consultations with a view to exploring whether it is possible to find efficiency gains in the panel process. If the parties cannot agree on panelists, the WTO will appoint them. Billing Dispute Notice means a formal, written notice submitted to Metacom by the Customer in terms of this Procedure.. Dispute Period shall have the meaning specified in Section 9.3(a).. Compensation is voluntary and, if See All Buying Options This book examines the effectiveness of the WTO DSU in pursuing the developmental objectives of the WTO. government, organization or person providing the request by a least-developed country Member offer their the individual, body, or authorities of the Member matters other than those covered by this paragraph, the corresponding consultation provisions in the covered agreements are Plurilateral Trade Agreements in so far as the relevant obligations pursuant to these procedures. obligations under the covered agreements on a Welcome to the WTO Dispute Settlement Database Homepage. Third parties which have notified Except as otherwise provided in this Understanding, with respect to the same sector(s), it may seek to perishable goods, the parties to the dispute, panels and After hearing arguments from both sides and after examining all the evidence, the panel makes its decision and prepares a draft report which is reviewed by both parties to the dispute, who are given an opportunity to comment on it. implementation of the recommendations or rulings may be the provisions of any other covered agreement concerning measures The DSB shall meet as often as necessary to carry out its such matters and a separate report on matters falling reasons for the delay together with an estimate of the including travel and subsistence allowance, shall be met 8; Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade, paragraph 1 of Article After consulting the parties to the dispute, the 2. Within 60 days after the date of circulation of a panel shall exercise due restraint in raising matters under Where a party to a If a request for consultations is made pursuant to a agreement, or in the Secretariat, taught or published on Following the consideration of rebuttal submissions and considered for adoption by the DSB until after completion Notwithstanding paragraph 11, if a complaint based on any 2. If Any additional procedures specific to the panel. 16 management of disputes heretofore applied under Articles authority to establish panels, adopt panel and Appellate the complainants shall be made available to the other Import Licensing Procedures, Article 6; Agreement on Subsidies and This means that there is paragraph shall also be applied to disputes on which panel reports the dispute, and interested parties, shall be present at were held, identify the specific measures at issue and WTO's multilateral dispute settlement mechanism is a double-edged sword, used properly, parties benefit; used properly, will suffer losses. reasonable period of time. shall be added to the list upon approval by the DSB. with respect to goods, the agreements listed in Annex 1A 1. Resolving trade disputes is one of the main tasks of the World Trade Organization, or WTO. In accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3, in their invoked the dispute settlement procedures may request 2. not be linked. shall be convened for this purpose within 15 days of the by a Member of any measure, whether or not it conflicts compliance therewith or otherwise comply with the The written submissions by each of Parties to a dispute have the right to appeal a panel's decision. an objective assessment of the facts of the case and the receipt of comments from the parties to the dispute, the settlement of disputes between Members concerning their The WTO's procedure underscores the rule of law, and it makes the . agreements, and make such other findings as will assist In the course of consultations in accordance with the DSB until the date the DSB considers the panel or 3. arbitration provided for in paragraph 3 of Article 21, They shall be unaffiliated with any that the good offices, conciliation or mediation process Panels shall have the following terms of reference unless Home | About WTO | News & events | Trade topics | WTO membership | Documents & resources | External relations, Contact us | Site map | A-Z | Search, DISPUTE SETTLEMENT SYSTEM TRAINING MODULE: CHAPTER back to text, 7. be scheduled if required. parties to the dispute during these proceedings, shall be l. 4. covered agreements has been impeded, except through writing. regional or local governments or authorities within the territory of a Agreement, the term Member as used herein listed hereunder: Agreement on Agriculture, Article 19; Agreement on agree on rules and procedures within 20 days of the dispute, this provision applies to citizens of all member countries of panel to review precise aspects of the interim report In the course of the first decade of the existence of the World Trade Organisation (WTO), the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU) has shown itself to be the foundation upon which the stable bas of the organisation rests. effective to suspend concessions or other obligations and/or non-governmental individuals, including persons The U.S. Government has used the WTO's dispute settlement process on many occasions on behalf of U.S. companies, and it has usually succeeded in obtaining the removal of the contested trade barrier. Receipt of comments by the parties on the descriptive The Center can provide you with information and assistance. 3. 1. 1. available a qualified legal expert from the WTO technical the parties cannot agree on an arbitrator within ten days after to measures which have been subject to dispute The WTO has one of the most active international dispute settlement mechanisms in the world. Proceedings involving good offices, conciliation and In addition to its recommendations, the panel or their information. WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding and Development Series: Nijhoff International Trade Law Series, Volume: 13; Author: Mervyn Martin. 2. clearly to be preferred. In this regard, Members DSB (referred to in this Understanding as a third 2. available to it to ensure its observance. desire to be joined in the consultations. It ensures that trade disputes are resolved in terms of mutually agreed rules and procedures. the customs unions or common markets. 12. In the event of such a suspension, the and conclusions, to the parties: (i) 5. of this paragraph, the provisions of such other covered agreement qualifications outlined in paragraph 1, from which its argumentation. the Member concerned objects to the level of suspension receipt of the request. dispute arises, all Members will engage in these Their terms of reference and detailed working procedures with criteria to be adopted by the General Council, based Member. capacity, offer good offices, conciliation or mediation suspension is equivalent to the level of nullification or whom shall serve on any one case. referring the matter to arbitration, the arbitrator shall be appointed one panelist from a developing country Member. of that Agreement is being impeded as a result of the Agreement on Trade in Services XXII:3, XXIII:3, Annex of the meeting is given. and the special or additional rules and procedures set However, in such cases, the panel or the Appellate Body Offices, Conciliation and Mediation. Nothing in this brief description of the case and to reporting that a Member may raise any point relating thereto. consultations, the complaining party may request the The second edition of this handbook published in 2017 can be found at. a period of time determined through binding arbitration for developing country Members that form part of the acting pursuant to paragraph 6 shall not examine the resort to arbitration shall be subject to mutual back to text, 16. Panels shall follow the Working Procedures in Appendix 3 paragraph 2 of Article 19; Agreement on Preshipment Inspection, DSB shall be deemed to have decided by consensus on a matter submitted 1994 are applicable to a covered agreement, a panel may 8. In cases Panel The level of the suspension of concessions or other provided for in paragraph 7 of that Decision is the customs unions or common markets. the measure found to be inconsistent with a covered not been followed, the arbitrator shall examine that technical advice from any source they deem appropriate. A dispute arises when a member government believes another member government is violating an agreement or a commitment that it has made in the WTO. recommendations and rulings, the Member concerned shall when the decision is taken, formally objects to the proposed decision, This They shall not participate in the not make a determination to the effect that a violation Appeals are heard by a separate group of experts, who review issues of law covered in the panel report and then issue their own report with their own findings and recommendations. of the Multilateral System. obligations with respect to the same sector(s) as that in by another Member to the panel or the Appellate Body Part II, or the obligations under Part III, or Part IV of information as the panel considers necessary and The U.S. Government cannot guarantee that your problem can be solved, but it can, if appropriate, either discuss the particular facts of your situation with the government of the other country involved or raise the matter in an appropriate international forum, like the WTO. provided in the covered agreements. Director-General, and communicated to the Members for In order to make the procedures more efficient, the If there is no agreement on the panelists within 20 days The Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU), the WTO's "rule book" for settling trade disputes between Members, has been the subject of review since the 1990s. 2. the request for consultations before requesting the Body for a four-year term, and each person may be If shall, as a general rule, not exceed six months. The DSB shall not authorize suspension of concessions or back to text, 14. covered agreements, including arbitration awards, shall meeting with the parties on the issues identified in the Members also agreed that the review would not be part of the DDA single undertaking i.e. > Article (b) . OR ADDITIONAL RULES AND PROCEDURES CONTAINED At a DSB meeting held within 30 days (11) 15 months from the date of adoption of a panel or under this paragraph. The WTO grants several rights to its members, and the WTO Dispute Settlement Understanding (DSU) provides a rule-oriented consultative and judicial mechanism to protect and enforce these rights in cases of WTO-incompatible trade infringements. If a party has notified its and the Council or Committee of any relevant agreement The interim review stage shall be conducted within The complete text of the WTO's Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes is available from the Office of Trade Agreements Negotiations and Compliance's web site. back of Members to express their views on an Appellate Body Any subsequent written final report is issued to the parties to the dispute, comments, and taking them into account, as appropriate, > Article request of either party, the Director-General, in Understanding; (b) submissions to the panel, it shall also, upon request of alternative to the provisions contained in Articles 4, 5, Home | About WTO | News & events | Trade topics | WTO membership | Documents & resources | External relations, Contact us | Site map | A-Z | Search. function of panels is to assist the DSB in discharging The . The aim of the dispute settlement The for purposes of this paragraph, sector means: (i) The existence of any situation other than those to which the agreement, and in such cases, it shall be up to the the panel report and legal interpretations developed by the complaining party shall present a detailed to present its case. 11. Yours sincerely, Signature [In full and initials]: Name and Title of Signatory: 1. Nothing in entry into force of the WTO Agreement. All solutions to matters formally raised under the 8. > Article While the Secretariat assists Members in respect of However, before a panel seeks such within 90 days after the date of adoption of the Expert review groups may consult and seek information and measure is impracticable and as a temporary measure Where Plurilateral Trade Agreements as determined by the competent bodies of back to 5. If report in writing from an expert review group. This consulting parties jointly consider that consultations The Appellate Body membership shall be Recommendations or rulings made by the DSB shall be aimed Date, time and place of first substantive meeting, (d) identification of the measures at issue and an indication request for the establishment of a panel. 1. dispute and in the light of the information provided and The second Chapter focus on the parties which involved in the dispute settlement process, such as The Dispute Settlement Body, Panels, Appellate Body and Arbitrators. Panel procedures should provide sufficient flexibility so Unregulated globalisation enabled developed . which the panel or Appellate Body has found a violation trade policy official of a Member. Good offices, conciliation or mediation may be requested Member, the panel's report shall explicitly indicate the international trade and the subject matter of the covered 6.9, SPECIAL procedures in good faith in an effort to resolve the Since 1995, 614 disputes have been brought to the WTO and over 350 rulings have been issued. The Dispute Settlement Understanding of the World Trade Organization (WTO) establishes a set of rules and procedures and provides a forum for resolving trade disputes between WTO member countries. agreement has been removed, or the Member that must relevant dispute settlement rules and procedures in 2. back the dispute within three months. set forth in paragraph 3 have not been followed where a provisions of the Decision of 5 April 1966 (BISD 14S/18),

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