The common name of this substance comes from its similarity and relation to formic acid. [82], Formaldehyde occurs naturally, and is "an essential intermediate in cellular metabolism in mammals and humans. If the arene is electron-rich, as in phenols, elaborate condensations ensue. Webformaldehyde (HCHO), also called methanal, an organic compound, the simplest of the aldehydes, used in large amounts in a variety of chemical manufacturing processes. Polypropylene glycol CAS Reg. Cover the container with clean aluminum foil and place the container on a rack in a pressure cooker. (c) The coating in the finished form in which it is to contact food, when extracted with the solvent or solvents characterizing the type of food, and under conditions of time and temperature characterizing the conditions of its intended use as determined from tables 1 and 2 of paragraph (d) of this section, shall yield chloroform-soluble extractives, corrected for zinc extractives as zinc oleate, not to exceed the following: (1) From a coating intended for or employed as a component of a container not to exceed 1 gallon and intended for one-time use, not to exceed 0.5 milligram per square inch nor to exceed that amount as milligrams per square inch that would equal 0.005 percent of the water capacity of the container, in milligrams, divided by the area of the food-contact surface of the container in square inches. 18. A genome-wide portrait of pervasive drug contaminants. [81], Studies on the interactions between formaldehyde and proteins at the molecular level have been reported on the effects of the body's carrier protein, serum albumin. 1,2-Dibromo-2,4-dicyanobutane (CAS Reg No. Curing is induced by heat or suitable radiation and may be promoted by high pressure, or mixing with a catalyst.Heat is not necessarily applied externally, but is often generated by Polyamine produced when 1 mole of the chlorohydrin diether of polyethylene glycol 400 is made to react under dehydrohalogenating conditions with 2 moles of N- octadecyltrimethylenediamine for use only in coatings that are subject to the provisions of paragraph (c)(3) or (4) of this section and that contact food at temperatures not to exceed room temperature. Reaction occurs down the tube and soft water pours out at the exit. Ethyl acrylate-styrene-methacrylic acid copolymers for use only as modifiers for epoxy resins listed in paragraph (b)(3)(viii)(a ) of this section. Their main drawback is very low toughness, which tends to limit their applications to those where heat and combustion resistance is important. The polymer number average molecular weight (Mn) shall be at least 2,000 (as determined by gel permeation chromatography). In order to prevent binder resins which have a low compatibility with mineral oil from precipitating from the solution, solubilizing agents are often required with conventional gelled resins. Phenolic resins can also be prepared from other phenols such as cresols or bisphenols. Silane coupled silica, prepared from the reaction of microcrystalline quartz with N-beta- (N- vinylbenzylamino) ethyl-gamma- aminopropyltrimethoxy silane, monohydrogen chloride, for use only in coatings intended for repeated use in contact with foods only of the types identified in paragraph (d) of this section, table 1, under Category I and Category VIII, at temperatures not exceeding 88 deg.C (190 deg.F). Thanks ffor keeping this web-site, Ill be visiting it. [10], The interactions or mere proximity of proteins can be studied by the clever use of crosslinking agents. Preferred precursor resins have a softening point in the range of from about 145 to about 180C and an acid number of no more than about 25. 13. Use shall be limited to coatings for tanks of capacity greater than 530,000 gallons. In a preferred embodiment, a rosin-based or hydrocarbon-based resin is mixed with an organic solvent and reacted with a cross-link agent under conditions sufficient to produce a substantially covalently cross-link gelled resin. After 2 hours, remove the test container from the oven and immediately composite the water of each replicate in a clean Pyrex flask or beaker. e = Milligrams extractives per sample tested. Fill the test container within (ii) Chloroform-soluble extractives residue. Slowly release the pressure, open the pressure cooker when the pressure reads zero, and composite the water of each replicate immediately in a clean Pyrex flask or beaker. Evaporate the food-simulating solvents from paragraph (e)(4)(i) to (xvii), inclusive, of this section to about 100 milliliters in the Pyrex flask and transfer to a clean, tared platinum dish, washing the flask three times with the solvent used in the extraction procedure, and evaporate to a few milliliters on a nonsparking low-temperature hotplate. [50][51], The CDC considers formaldehyde as a systemic poison. For use as a rheological agent only in coatings intended to contact dry food under repeated-use conditions. 106168-37-0). Resin. Nonanal No. II. [37], Formaldehyde preserves or fixes tissue or cells. Antimony trioxide is usually added as a synergist. 175.300 Resinous and polymeric coatings. % phthalocyanine heatset flush and from about 1 to about 10 wt. Formaldehyde levels in air can be sampled and tested in several ways, including impinger, treated sorbent, and passive monitors. Examples include decorative laminates, textiles, paper, foundry sand molds, wrinkle-resistant fabrics, cotton blends, rayon, corduroy, etc. No. e' or ee' is substituted for e in the above equations when necessary. Decanal % resin; heating the reaction mass to a temperature within the range of from about 160 to about 220C; adding a sufficient amount of a heat reactive phenolic compound to the reaction mass while maintaining the reaction temperature in the range of from about 160 to about 220 C to obtain a solution viscosity of at least about 300 poise at 25 C. Phenolic resins have demonstrated superior fire, smoke and toxicity (FST) properties compared to other polymeric matrices for fire-resistance applications. Heptane, reagent grade, freshly redistilled before use, using only material boiling at 208 deg.F. [45][46][47], However, concerns are associated with chronic (long term) exposure by inhalation as may happen from thermal or chemical decomposition of formaldehyde-based resins and the production of formaldehyde resulting from the combustion of a variety of organic compounds (for example, exhaust gases). 1. The onset of respiratory irritation and other health effects, and even increased cancer risk, begin when air concentrations exceed 3.05.0 ppm. 4,4'-sec- Butylidenediphenol-epichlorohydrin. "Formaldehyde" was first used as a generic trademark in 1893 following a previous trade name, "formalin".[15]. WebThe specification describes a process for making gelled ink resins which exhibit improved properties. Continuous reactors are normally installed when large quantities of a chemical are being produced. The temperature of the reaction mass was maintained at 200 C while stirring the reaction mass for an additional hour. The maximum concentration value at the workplace is 0.3 ppm. Conventional Resin Solution The procedure for preparing a conventional resin solution was the same as for the self-gelled resin solution above with the exception that 47.0 grams of phenolic resin was used and no SP-134 was charged to the reaction vessel. Detailed Description of the Invention, The present invention is directed to a self-gelled ink vehicle and to a process for making a gelled ink resin in situ which comprises mixing a rosin- or hydrocarbon-based resin with a high boiling organic solvent and a crosslinking agent to provide a reaction mass. The acid number of the polymer shall be less than 250. Phenolics also have low water absorption characteristics and make good electrical insulators. In the majority of cases, a crosslink is a covalent structure but the termis also used to describe sites of weaker chemical interactions, portions ofcrystallites, and even physical interactions and entanglements.[1]. 1/4-inch of the top with a measured volume of the 150 deg.F heptane and cover with clean aluminum foil. Hot plate, nonsparking (explosion proof), top 12? * 20?, 2,500 watts, with temperature control. A lithographic ink formulation comprising from about 30 to about 60 wt. No. formaldehyde (HCHO), also called methanal, an organic compound, the simplest of the aldehydes, used in large amounts in a variety of chemical manufacturing processes. Wide usage of the term cross-linking is also described as vulcanization in material science and engineering, mainly addressing the fast reaction between monomers and polymers and branches of rubber. Siloxanes and silicones, dimethyl, 3-hydroxypropyl group-terminated, diesters with poly(2-oxepanone), diacetates (CAS Reg. WebPetrochemicals (sometimes abbreviated as petchems) are the chemical products obtained from petroleum by refining. Pine tar. 2. The following substances may be used as optional polymerization inhibitors: 3,5-Dimethyl-1-hexyne-3-ol (CAS Reg. WebFormaldehyde (/ f r m l d h a d / for-MAL-di-hide, US also / f r-/ fr-) (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula CH 2 O and structure HCHO.The pure compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as All of the samples were prepare by charging 45.0 grams of phenolic modified rosin ester resin as described in footnote 6 of Table 2, 45 grams of N-40-HT and 10 grams of EXXPRINT-314A to a reaction vessel equipped with an agitator, temperature controller, condenser and nitrogen gas inlet. Starch, reacted with a urea-formaldehyde resin Starch, reacted with formaldehyde Stearamide (stearic acid amide) Stearic acid Stearic acid-chromic chloride complex Stearyl-cetyl alcohol, technical grade, approximately 65 percent-80 percent stearyl and 20 percent-35 percent cetyl Strontium salicylate Styrenated phenol Preheat redistilled reagent-grade heptane (boiling point 208 deg.F) carefully in a clean Pyrex flask on a water bath or nonsparking hot plate in a well-ventilated hood to 120 deg.F. Polystyrene. [23] Two ASTM standards are commonly used to describe the degree of crosslinking in thermoplastics. The crosslinking reaction is used primarily to alter the polar functionality and molecular weight of the binder resin in order to reduce the affinity of the ink varnish for water and is not directed to producing a self-gelled resin. In each of the samples of Example 1, the solids level was the same, about 46 percent by weight. We use cookies to help provide and enhance our service and tailor content and ads. Formaldehyde (/frmldhad/ (listen) for-MAL-di-hide, US also /fr-/ (listen) fr-) (systematic name methanal) is a naturally occurring organic compound with the formula .mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su{display:inline-block;font-size:80%;line-height:1;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output .template-chem2-su>span{display:block}.mw-parser-output sub.template-chem2-sub{font-size:80%;vertical-align:-0.35em}.mw-parser-output sup.template-chem2-sup{font-size:80%;vertical-align:0.65em}CH2O and structure HCHO. Environmental factors such as temperature and relative humidity can elevate levels because formaldehyde has a high vapor pressure. Phenolic molding compounds are well known for their thermal and dimensional stability and in particular for their nonflammability. Known aluminum gelling compounds for use in preparing ink vehicles may be classified as: 1) aluminum soaps, 2) aluminum alkoxides, 3) chelated alkoxides and 4) oxyaluminum acylates. Properties generally related to those of moulded plastics. [53] I actually like what youu have bought here, really like what youre saying and the way (xxxvi) Methacrylonitrile grafted polybutadiene copolymers containing no more than 41 weight percent of total polymer units derived from methacrylonitrile; for use only in coatings that are intended for contact, under conditions of use D, E, F, or G described in table 2 of paragraph (d) of this section, with food containing no more than 8 percent of alcohol. Processes in the upper atmosphere contribute up to 90% of the total formaldehyde in the environment. [9], In biological context crosslinking could play a role in atherosclerosis through advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which have been implicated to induce crosslinking of collagen, which may lead to vascular stiffening. 2 Heptane extractivity results must be divided by a factor of five in arriving at the extractivity for a food product. These higher molecular weight/higher solution viscosity resins are typically branched but are essentially not crosslinked. Such crosslinks are important in generating mechanically stable structures such as hair, skin, and cartilage. Likewise, Japanese patent application JP5-171089 is directed to ink varnishes which exhibit high gloss and improved setting and drying properties as a result of crosslinking a portion of the polar groups of the binder resin before the resin is gelled with a metal gelling agent. This pressure cooker is to serve only as a vented container for the heptane-containing test package inside the incubator in order to minimize the danger of explosion. Bring 8 percent (by volume) ethyl alcohol in demineralized distilled water to 70 deg.F in a clean Pyrex flask. This triggers watery eyes, nose irritations, wheezing and coughing, fatigue, skin rash, severe allergic reactions, burning sensations in the eyes and throat, nausea, and difficulty in breathing in some humans (usually > 1.0 ppm). 4,4'-Isopropylidenediphenol-epichlorohydrin chemically treated with one or more of the following substances: 2,2'-[(1-methylethylidene)bis[4,1-phenyleneoxy[1-(butoxymethyl)-2,1-ethanediyl]oxymethylene>bisoxirane, CAS Reg. WebThe specification describes a process for making gelled ink resins which exhibit improved properties. The earliest examples of crosslinking, linking long chains of polymers together to increase strength and mass, involved tires. Proceed with the determination of the amount of extractives by the method described in paragraph (e)(5) of this section. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as Silicones (not less than 300 centistokes viscosity): Dimethylpolysiloxanes and/or methylphenylpolysiloxanes. Methacrylic acid and the following esters thereof: Methacrylic acid or its ethyl and methyl esters copolymerized with one or more of the following: n -Butyl acrylate-styrene-methacrylic acid-hydroxyethyl methacrylate copolymers containing no more than 2 weight percent of total polymer units derived from methacrylic acid and containing no more than 9.5 weight percent of total polymer units derived from hydroxyethyl methacrylate; for use only in coatings in contact with dry food (food type VIII in table 1 of paragraph (d) of this section). After 30 minutes, remove the pressure cooker from the incubator, open the assembly and immediately composite the heptane of each replicate in a clean Pyrex flask or beaker. Fill the container within H. John, "Process for the manufacture of condensation products of formaldehyde and carbamide or carbamide derivatives," Great Britain Patent 151,016, January 16, 1922. The foam dries with a dull matte colour with no shine. WebMolecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual (Fourth Edition)Molecular Cloning has served as the foundation of technical expertise in labs worldwide for 30 years.No other manual has been so popular, or so influential. Do not close the pressure vent, but operate at atmospheric pressure so that there is a continuous escape of a small amount of steam. 3-Pentadecyl phenol mixture obtained from cashew nut shell liquid. Brief Description of the Drawings The above and other aspects and advantages of the invention will now be further described in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which: Fig. The process of Claim 1 wherein the crosslink agent is a phenol- formaldehyde resin containing one or more reactive methylol groups. % solution in ink oil and a M47 tolerance ranging from about 4 to about 15 mLs. 10377-60-3) at a concentration equivalent to the isothiazolone active ingredients (weight/weight). First, use exterior-grade pressed wood products made with phenol-formaldehyde resin in floors, cabinetry, and wall surfaces. As used herein in relation to the term "resin", the terms "rosin-based" and, "hydrocarbon-based" refer to and include any of the functionalized rosin-based resins used in ink manufacturing as well as the neutral and functionalized cyclic and dicyclic unsaturated hydrocarbon resin compounds derived from hydrocarbon feeds containing from about 5 to about 15 carbon atoms, which also find wide usage in ink making. Chlorine compounds (e.g. Their early development has been dealt with briefly in Chapter 1 and more fully elsewhere.1. Condensation with acetaldehyde affords pentaerythritol, a chemical necessary in synthesizing PETN, a high explosive. ee' = Zinc corrected chloroform-soluble extractive residue. 2. tolerance was determined by titrating 10 grams of the solution with MAGIESOL 47 to a cloud point (M47 tolerance). Although the ink-maker may add more gellant to the product at the time of the ink compounding, an advantage of the invention is that additional gellation on site generally will not be required since the product viscosity and rheological properties will typically meet or exceed the requirements the ink-maker would be attempting to achieve by addition of a gellant. To comply with the limitations in paragraph (c) of this section, the chloroform-soluble extractives residue (but after correction for the zinc extractives in case of "C" enamels) must not exceed 50 parts per million and must not exceed in milligrams per square inch the limitations for the particular article as prescribed in paragraph (c) of this section. mixture until all of the BC-6006 resin dissolved. [31] Phenol results in polymers. Fill the test container within (5) Determination of amount of extractives - (i) Total residues. No. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. Ans: 150- 350 cP. The polymerization is brought to completion For example, electron beam processing is used to cross-link the C type of cross-linked polyethylene. These are formed by the reaction with phenol and substitute phenol with formaldehyde. This resin is prepared in situ from two components one of 23. 1/4-inch of the top with a measured volume of the 120 deg.F heptane and cover with clean aluminum foil. The neutralizer is typically an acidic solution of hydrogen peroxide, which causes new disulfide bonds to form under conditions of oxidation, thus permanently fixing the hair into its new configuration. Furthermore, the reaction may be conducted under atmospheric, subatmospheric or superatmospheric pressure conditions. WebUrea-formaldehyde resins and resol-phenol-formaldehyde resins can be acid cured by wastes from the production of maleic anhydride (MA) [55].The waste from the production of MA contains up to 50% MA, in addition to phthalic anhydride, citraconic anhydride , benzoic acid, o-tolulic acid , and phthalide, c.f. 2 is a graphical representation of viscosity versus shear rate of an ink varnish made with a self-gelled resin solution according to the invention and of a conventional ink varnish made with aluminum gellant. In addition to the use of olefinic modifiers compounds, the hydrocarbon- and rosin-based resins may be modified with distilled tall oil fatty acid, dimerized fatty acid, vegetable oils, phenolic species, maleic anhydride or fumaric acid and combinations thereof. Formation. Hexanal 2-Ethylhexyl acrylate-ethyl acrylate copolymers prepared by copolymerization of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate and ethyl acrylate in a 7/3 weight ratio and having a number average molecular weight range of 5,800 to 6,500 and a refractive index, n D25deg. Tri(dimethylaminomethyl) phenol and its salts prepared from the fatty acid moieties of the salts listed in paragraph (b)(3)(xxii)(b ) of this section, for use only in coatings subject to the provisions of paragraph (c)(3) or (4) of this section. The mixture was heated to 200 C under a nitrogen atmosphere and stirred until the resin was completely dissolved. No. Over time, it tends to vary in shades of butterscotch, but new UFFI is a light yellow colour. Background of the Invention Conventional rosin and hydrocarbon-based resins are prepared as relatively low viscosity resins in stirred reaction vessels. This was the case for all the phenolic resin samples examined by DTA, by ourselves and published elsewhere [21]. Diisodecyl phthalate for use only as plasticizer in side seam cements for containers intended for use in contact with food only of the types identified in paragraph (d) of this section, table 1, under Categories I, II, and VI. (3) Any substance employed in the production of resinous and polymeric coatings that is the subject of a regulation in subchapter B of this chapter and conforms with any specification in such regulation. (xxxv) Polyamide resins having a maximum acid value of 5 and a maximum amine value of 8.5 derived from dimerized vegetable oil acids (containing not more than 10 percent of monomer acids), ethylenediamine, and 4,4-bis (4-hydroxyphenyl) pentanoic acid (in an amount not to exceed 10 percent by weight of said polyamide resins); as the basic resin, for use only in coatings that contact food at temperatures not to exceed room temperature provided that the concentration of the polyamide resins in the finished food-contact coating does not exceed 5 milligrams per square inch of food-contact surface. Butadiene-styrene-fumaric acid copolymer. Electrical if we will verify then it is good electrical insulators, Laminated Plastics. 2. The role of the aluminum compound in the preparation of lithographic ink vehicles has typically been that of controlling the rheological properties of the ink vehicle. Misting occurs as a result of ink shear caused by a paper web moving through the printer at high speeds thereby forming minute droplets or mists of ink. Aqueous or oil in water emulsion of high or low fat. Hence, the composition is not a true "solution" as this term is generally understood, however, the term "solution" is used herein for convenience. 3. 25. The product may even contain some fraction of crosslinked gelled structures, but this fraction is typically limited in quantity by virtue of the inability of a stirred tank vessel to handle the very high molten viscosity and non-Newtonian behavior that normally accompanies the presence of a gelled resin structure. 9.15. However, aluminum compounds require the generation or existence of an aluminum hydroxyl functionality to form the ultimate rheology or gel structure. Trimellitic anhydride adducts of ethylene glycol and glycerol, prepared by the reaction of 1 mole of trimellitic anhydride with 0.4-0.6 mole of ethylene glycol and 0.04-0.12 mole of glycerol, for use only as a cross-linking agent at a level not to exceed 10 percent by weight of the cured coating, provided that the cured coating only contacts food containing not more than 8 percent alcohol. No. [19][20][21], Alkyd enamels, the dominant type of commercial oil-based paint, cure by oxidative crosslinking after exposure to air.[22]. An additional object of the invention is to provide a process for making self- gelled resin solutions of the character described which is cost effective and uncomplicated and does not require the use of highly specialized or complicated equipment. 68604-06-8). Proceed with the determination of the amount of extractives by the method described in paragraph (e)(5) of this section. The pure compound is a pungent, colourless gas that polymerises spontaneously into paraformaldehyde (refer to section Forms below), hence it is stored as an aqueous solution (formalin), which is also used to store animal specimens. In practice, however, the commercial scene is dominated by the reaction products of bis-phenol A and epichlorohydrin, which have some 8090% of the market share. The specification describes a process for making gelled ink resins which exhibit improved properties. Magnesium, sodium, and potassium citrate. (xi) Terpene resins, as the basic polymer, from one or more of the following: Hydrogenated dipentene resin (CAS Reg. These polymers are permanent adhesives used in plywood and carpeting. [58][59] Nasopharyngeal and sinonasal cancers are relatively rare, with a combined annual incidence in the United States of < 4,000 cases. In another ASTM standard, F2214, the sample is placed in an instrument that measures the height change in the sample, allowing the user to measure the volume change. [2], UF was first synthesized in 1884 by Dr Hlzer, who was working with Bernhard Tollens, neither of whom realized that the urea and formaldehyde were polymerizing.[3]. Health effects occur when UF-based materials and products release formaldehyde into the air. Self-gelled Resin Solution. For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html. (xvi) Alcohol - 8 percent (120 deg.F for 24 hours ), simulating alcoholic beverages room-temperature filled and stored. [64] Professionals exposed to formaldehyde in their occupation, such as funeral industry workers and embalmers, showed an increased risk of leukemia and brain cancer compared with the general population. Scientific reports, 11(1), 12487. As used herein "gelled resin", "self-gelled resin solution" and "resin solution" refer to a gelatinous mixture of highly cross-linked resin with solvent dispersed therein so as to swell the cross-linked resin. Castor oil, sulfated, sodium salt (CAS Reg. (b) The coatings are formulated from optional substances that may include: (1) Substances generally recognized as safe in food. The EPA recommends the use of exterior-grade pressed-wood products to limit formaldehyde exposure in the home. Cross-links can be formed by chemical reactions that are initiated by heat, pressure, change in pH, or irradiation. 1/4-inch of the top with a measured volume of the 70 deg.F water, and cover with clean aluminum foil. Dibutyltin oxide (CAS Reg. No. Resin is made up of epichlorohydrin and bisphenol. In ASTM D2765, the sample is weighed, then placed in a solvent for 24 hours, weighed again while swollen, then dried and weighed a final time. Substances named in this paragraph (b)(3) and further identified as required: (i) Drying oils, including the triglycerides or fatty acids derived therefrom: The oils may be raw, heat-bodied, or blown. Formaldehyde is an intermediate in the oxidation (or combustion) of methane, as well as of other carbon compounds, e.g. Age of phenolic resin is negligible deterioration. 4,4'-Butylidenebis (6-tert- butyl-m- cresol). After 30 minutes, remove the pressure cooker from the incubator, open the assembly, and immediately composite the heptane of each replicate in a clean Pyrex flask or beaker. Cool the platinum dish in a desiccator for 30 minutes and weigh the residue to the nearest 0.1 milligram (e ). (ii) Reconstituted oils from triglycerides or fatty acids derived from the oils listed in paragraph (b)(3)(i) of this section to form esters with: (iii) Synthetic drying oils, as the basic polymer: Butadiene and styrene copolymer, blown or unblown. Ans: Good. The olefinic modifier compound(s) is typically used in an amount ranging from about 0% to about 35%o by weight based on the total weight of cyclic and dicyclic unsaturated olefin and modifier compound. 1/4-inch of the top with a measured volume of the 120 deg.F heptane and cover with clean aluminum foil. AT DE FR GB IT NL PT, Free format text: Add 50 milliliters of chloroform (freshly distilled reagent grade or a grade having an established consistently low blank) to the dried and weighed residue, (e ), in the platinum dish, obtained in paragraph (e)(5)(i) of this section. (2) From a coating intended for or employed as a component of a container having a capacity in excess of 1 gallon and intended for one-time use, not to exceed 1.8 milligrams per square inch nor to exceed that amount as milligrams per square inch that would equal 0.005 percent of the water capacity of the container in milligrams, divided by the area of the food-contact surface of the container in square inches. Ive have in mind your stuff previous to and you are simply ttoo magnificent. Phenolic resins totalling 916 million pounds went into the adhesive and bonding markets in 1993 (Table 2-3), making the adhesive and bonding market the second largest outlet for phenolic resins.It is arguable that the adhesive and bonding market includes the composite wood and laminating applications because phenolic resin is the bonding material in these applications. In accordance with the invention, compounds which may be used to induce formation of this bonding may be selected from epoxy resins, organosilane compounds, aromatic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides, isocyanates and heat- reactive phenolic compounds which have been found to produce resins which exhibit superior solvency properties in lipophilic solvents as compared to high viscosity resins made using conventional non-metal crosslink agents. A class of polymers known as thermoplastic elastomers rely on physical cross-links in their microstructure to achieve stability, and are widely used in non-tire applications, such as snowmobile tracks, and catheters for medical use. Example 1. Pine tar. Insulation may be categorized by its composition (natural or synthetic materials), form (batts, blankets, loose-fill, spray foam, and panels), structural contribution (insulating concrete forms, structured panels, and straw bales), One consequence of the loss of gel structure in an ink vehicle is the development of misting, which is much more pronounced in high speed machines leading to potential losses in print quality and degradation of the work environment.

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