In partnership with FPPEDUMEDIA, and their fabulous international student database, we reached out to our target markets and received more than 12,300 survey responses from students in 16 countries. The Philippines was the one major Southeast Asian source market to resist this decline. The most popular areas of study are STEM fields (31.8 percent). International student recruitment has been impacted negatively by the COVID-19 pandemic and many schools [] Approximately one-fifth (22 percent) were studying in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM) fields, and one-fifth (21.1 percent) were studying business/management. Based on our pool of 665,000 TNE students and tuition assumptions, the market is currently valued at $3.8 billion and, if we assume a modest 1.5% growth rate per annum, a level of $4.4 billion by 2025. sustainable international student enrollment strategies, Education in the United States of America. Ann Rahmat1, who has served as a Senior Assistant Director for International Recruitment at Miami University, said that on average, Vietnamese students at her school are able to pay approximately $20,000 per annum on average. International student enrolments in the US grew by 4% in 2021/22 compared with the previous year according to data from the just-released Open Doors 2022 Report on International Educational Exchange from the International Institute of Education (IIE). For the purposes of this forecast, and based on my own work around the world, I could reasonably assume that there are 3,500 programs active worldwide today at an average of 75 students per program, which yields an enrollment of approximately 263,000. International Advisory Board Solutions Solutions Student Recruitment Solutions Global and In-Country Offices Pathways & Public Private Partnerships How MSM Models Work Impact Stories Testimonials Resources Resources Market Research Press MSM Reporter Blogs Contact Us Become a Partner or call +1 360-205-5598 Become a Partner or call +1 360-205-5598 3. This is a decrease from the previous year, when 1.07 . Today, approximately 90 percent of Vietnamese students overseas are self-funded. Best investing apps for international students to invest in US stocks. Promoting Your School in New International Student Markets and Regions Recruitment agents can also be particularly valuable for improving brand visibility. The global market for international higher education may be explained in terms of an interaction between supply-side factors and demand-side factors. Nigerian students are mainly concentrated in the Highflier and Striver segments. The following feature is excerpted from the 2022 edition of ICEF Insights magazine and is reprinted here with permission. To recap: An internationally mobile market of between $119 to 139 billion by 2025 A TNE market value of $4.4 billion by 2025 Half (50.9 percent) of Nigerian students in the U.S. are enrolled at the undergraduate level; nearly two-fifths (35 percent) of students are at the graduate level and more than half (56.8 percent) are STEM majors. Investing in the Future of (Highly Skilled) Underemployment, The Future of Work is in Emerging Markets, Tracking Chinas Global Education Footprint, Next in Emerging Markets: Confronting a Jobless Future, Talent, Training and AI: How Asia is (Again) Emerging as the Worlds Laboratory, Keynote at US-Sino Online Higher Education Conference: Shanghai, 2018, 2018 GEI Rankings Education Investment and Opportunity, Why all foreign students should be given a green card, When Fintech Meets Education: An International Love Affair. Based on our interviews with admissions experts, we found that connecting with international schools in Nigeria is one of the best practices for undergraduate recruitment. Today, Id like to shift our focus southward to the United States. International student mobility. Market intelligence for international student recruitment from ICEF. We drilled down and asked what aspects of a new country attracted prospective students, the results of which will likely surprise you. They prefer this method over others, as it offers direct communication with high school students and counselors. July 6, 2018 International study is no longer reserved solely for the wealthy. The total number of international students, 1,095,299, is a 0.05 percent increase over last year, according to the 2019 . Copyright 2022 M Square Media. In 2013/14, there were 7,921 Nigerian students studying here. The University of Toledo invites applications for an International Business tenure track faculty position, with secondary interest in Marketing. Coming on the heels of 11.6% growth in 2018, the Brazilian markets continued expansion makes it a key point of focus. Mexico and Venezuela were the big exceptions. While these markets attract very large volumes of international students, tuition is very low in comparison to the Big Four. Splitting the difference brings an annual market value of $130 billion. Recent public estimates (in US dollars at current exchange rates) range from $15.5 billion for the US, $15 billion for Australia, $14.1 billion for the UK, $6 billion for Canada to $1.5 billion or more for New Zealand. As a result, many Vietnamese students choose to study at more affordable community colleges in the U.S.; these students constituted 7.4 percent (6,509) of the total international student body at community colleges in 2013/14. Finally, it is worth noting that the tremendous enrollment gains and significant economic value that has been achieved in the international student market is only a rounding error when compared to total tertiary enrollments around the world, which reached approximately 196 million students in 2012according to UNESCO dataand are continuing to expand in places such as South Asia and across Africa. It can also reduce risk and maximize enrollment opportunities. This is . Thats where you, as an institution of higher education, step in to provide your recruitment and marketing teams with the information they need to target the right audience and get the best return on investment. Through the International Student Wellbeing Strategy, a variety of wellbeing projects have been funded, which have produced wellbeing resources to . Subscribe for free. Austrade provides market intelligence and analysis through its network of specialists all over the world to support Australia's international education sector. Likewise, from a students perspective, the task of finding the right school at which to study abroad can be daunting, to say the least, so we try and make the process easier. One in five of these students was studying online from another country. Well kick off our US coverage with a look at which source markets increased their supply of students to the American market over the previous year and which ones went the other way. It is important to note that the available literature in this area focuses only on students from developing nations choosing to pursue their higher education in developed countries. The International Student Job Center helps international student find jobs and internships while providing advice about careers and work in the US and around the world. Ask Google Translate, Chasing Chinas Edtech Unicorns: A Cautionary Tale, IIE International Institutute of Education, PRI Principles for Responsible Investing, declining credit quality among many Universities, reached approximately 196 million students in 2012. Indeed, the number of Indonesian students has increased in China, Malaysia, and Japan, since those countries offer affordable quality education and scholarships for international students. The ISWS is designed to coordinate government and non-government stakeholders in the international education sector and International Students to identify priorities and work together on solutions. Enrollment from East Asia shrunk 1.8% year-over-year. More and more students across the globe are choosing to enjoy the wonders of a new country while also obtaining higher education in their field of choice. The recent Open Doors survey conducted by the US Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs and the Institute of International Education (IIE) in over 700 colleges and universities in the United States reveals that nearly 40,000 international students have chosen to defer their enrollment during the fall semester. The international student market in the UK is massive. Kuwait, Iran, and Turkey also saw declines of more than 500 students. Government and scholarship programs are key in the decision-making process of many Latin American students. Education agents warn that foreign students are not queuing up to return to New Zealand next year. Emerging Markets for International Student Recruitment While India, South Korea and China still account for more than a quarter of all the International student enrollments, universities worldwide are seeking to diversify their international intakes, to keep pace with the changing trends in student mobility. Among these, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Kuwait, and Thailand all experienced double-digit percentage declines. Yet, despite the many challenges, in 2020/21 the UK welcomed 605,130 international students to our campuses and in doing so hit the International Education Strategy's 600,000 international enrolment target almost a decade ahead of the 2030 deadline. Figure A provides the breakdown of current market value for international mobile students in the MESDCs according to the latest publicly available data and with added estimates for the EU (ex-UK) and Asia. Originally from San Diego, Mattison is passionate about study abroad and pursued her Masters Degree at Stockholm University. According to IIE Open Doors data (2013/14), the number of Brazilians studying in the U.S. last year increased 22.2 percent versus the year prior. With a better understanding of the international student market, we know higher education recruitment and marketing teams will be better equipped to reach their target audiences. Follow Meti on LinkedIn for more access to ApplyInsights and key industry trends. However, Vietnam is a country still in transition, and issues of affordability still persist. The South Asia market is Americas second largest, with a 19.1% market share. All data used in this blog post is courtesy of the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS). International students' enrolment rates have been increasing since 1994 and peaked in 2019 with a total of 943,450 enrolments across higher education, secondary and early childhood education. Between 2017 and 2018, the UK had the second highest international student market in the world with 458,490 undergrads coming from overseas. Leeds is a truly multicultural campus with more than 13,400 international students from 137 countries, in a student-friendly city. The generally poor quality of Nigerias domestic higher education system and increasing demand from middle- and high-income Nigerian families who can afford to send their children overseas means that recruiting prospects from the West African nation look set to remain strong. In response, WES released a research report in 2012 with the goal of encouraging institutions to expand their recruitment horizons and to prepare for new and emerging markets. With steady growth in both the number of students arriving from Vietnam and also in the size of the countrys economy, Vietnam looks set to continue as a strong growth market. To find the answer to the questions they frequently have, we discovered how students research and where they look to get the best information. Like Vietnam, agencies and education fairs in Nigeria seem to be drawing scrutiny. Answer: As long as you are able to obtain a brokerage account that will let you trade on one of the major Canadian exchanges (TSE, CVE) then you can invest in the stock exchange. That's 22% of the country's total student population. Italy and Spain joined Brazil, Colombia, and Bangladesh in the positive column. Fast forward to today, and there are 538,600 internationals studying at our universities. A more comprehensive valuation of the international student market would ultimately require these inputs as well. It also includes market drivers, restraints,. Meti is driven by the belief that education is a right, not a privilege. Since the introduction of the BSMP in 2011, the number of Brazilian students in the U.S. has steadily increased. Working with over 4,000 international recruitment partners, ApplyBoard. At the start of the fall 2020 academic semester, the total number of international students enrolled in U.S. schools, including those physically present in the United States and studying online from abroad, decreased by 16 percent from the previous year. As innovators in the industry, we believe in providing new and interesting data, free of charge, to institutions of higher education. According to The AFR, "the international education sector is surging back to life with a huge turnaround in just one year in the number of students who intend to study in Australia". A booming economy has resulted in a stable flow of Nigerian students to institutions in the U.S. and elsewhere. In 2000, according to UNESCO's Education at a Glance, there were only 2.1 million students studying abroad in . Much of this decrease came from Thailand, the second-largest source market in the region. If we group source countries for the US market into larger source regions,1 we can see which areas send the most students to America, and where those contributions are growing and shrinking. But some of the trends weve observed will undoubtedly continue regardless of the outcome of the election, and of course any shifts that do happen will be in the context of those already occurring trends. In aggregate, this yields a current annual revenue of $81.6 billion with the US leading at $26.8 billion followed by Australia and UK at $15.5 and $16.1 billion, respectively. Nigerian students are mainly concentrated in the Highflier and Striver segments. In the coming weeks, Ill return to this data to look at market trends by state, school, and student gender. All Rights Reserved. Chinese enrollment decreased by 4,235 students, but this amounted to just a 0.9% decline for what is the largest source market for international students in the US. What better way to get a birds eye view of the application journey than to ask the students who have already completed the process? Subscribe to WENR, and discover other tools and publications. Interestingly, the number of Filipino students studying in Canada grew by more than 50% to surpass the number of Fililpino students studying in the US last year. But a more comprehensive market valuation must capture all foreign programsdelivered by Universities which includes those on a cross-border basis such as overseas branch campuses, twinning programs and joint or dual degree arrangements. NerdWallet's International Student Loans for 2022. The importance of the Asia-Pacific region when it comes to international student recruitment markets is unmatched. Brazil led the way, supplying an additional 3,388 students in 2019. "One key trend that will considerably affect the field of international education in 2022 is the growing disparities affecting populations of the world. Kuwait, Iran, and Turkey also saw declines of more than 500 students. 4,796 fewer South Korean students came to the US in 2019, a 5.4% drop. Candidates should have a Ph.D. in International Business or Marketing . We will be happy to send the MSM reporter to your inbox every Thursday. 2. Global mobility for education is only one part of the unprecedented global mobility of peoples for purposes of migration, political and economic security, trade and business, employment, tourism and for study and research. So, we know that if we can convince students to overcome their hesitations and commit to an experience abroad, they are going to love it. Given the complexity of navigating these emerging markets and the time and effort it takes to cultivate them, schools must be forward-thinking. Here at ApplyInsights, we spend a lot of time discussing trends in Canadian education. Brazil has been one of the most promising markets for international student recruitment for the past few years due to its large population, strong economy, and the effective Brazil Scientific Mobility Program (BSMP). The table below shows the 10 largest decreases in US international student enrollment among source countries in 2019: From the chart, we can see that South Korea, China, and Japan posted three of the top four declines in student enrollment in 2019, combining to send around 11,000 fewer students to the US last year. Resume . Add to this an average of 2,000 students per branch campus (or 402,000 students) and the total number of students in TNE would reach approximately 665,000 annually. More than 100 countries, outside the Big Four, attract a meaningful cohort of international students each year. Some institutions and programs fared better than others. In the US, the combination of state and federal budget cuts with declining credit quality among many Universitieshas created further imperatives in the recruitment of international students who are often charged a premium tuition and pay in cash. 1. The US is by far the largest international student market in the world, but that market is shrinking. View Plans Quote/Buy She also pointed to the benefits of enrolling Brazilian graduate assistants and representatives who are able to forge good relationships and build connections with specific universities in Brazil. According to WES segmentation framework of international students, we believe that U.S. higher education institutions (HEIs) will welcome more Highflier graduate students from Brazil those with strong financial resources and high academic preparedness within the next three years. Academic roles are reconfigured as the commercialisation of higher education and the commodification of education services re-position the student as consumer, academic as entrepreneur, and university as "marketer" (Slaughter and Rhoades 2009). Prodigy Private Student Loan: Best for International student . or call +1 360-205-5598 Top International Student Markets for Canada July 13, 2021 Canada has become one of the world's top study destinations thanks to its rapid growth in international enrolment. A 2020 report by the United Nations, " Inequality in a Rapidly Changing World ," outlined growing inequality among and within developed and developing nations. In our newest development, we surveyed over 20,000 students who are either currently studying abroad or plan to in the coming years, and asked them what is influencing their decisions to take their education overseas. According to the United Nations Population Division, by 2015, the Indonesian undergraduate population (those aged between 20 and 24 years old) will constitute nearly 8 percent of the total population (20.46 million), and the share will remain the same through 2020. Or the emerging popularity of online study and educational technologies that facilitate international study? Note that I have assumed no tuition inflation or changes in relative currency rates over the period, which may render these results conservative from a dollar standpoint. From 2019 to 2020, U15 universities lost twice that amount, falling 6% year-over-year. Eastern Europe & Central Asia designation includes remaining UN Eastern Europe countries, Central Asia countries, Armenia, and Azerbaijan. According to the most recent IIE Open Doors report, Nigerian student enrollment in the U.S. has increased more than 25 percent in the past five years. Along with heightened attention to studying in Korea, Japan has also grown significantly in popularity for Asian students - a 71% increase from 2019. The number of Mexican and Venezuelan students in the US shrank 5.7% and 11.5%, respectively. STEAM Education: Whats the Difference. Student numbers from South Asia, Western and Central Europe, and Southeast Asia also declined. Ann Rahmat is currently the Director of International Recruitment and Global Engagement at Missouri Western State University. Institutions that wish to enroll more Vietnamese undergraduate students should consider promoting scholarship and financial aid opportunities. Some of the recruitment professionals interviewed for the study have made many high school visits to Vietnam, finding it to be a highly effective method of recruitment, especially as relates to creating brand awareness. 23 Aug 2022 MIP subscriber content. 67% of international students indicate they are not changing their plans for 2020. , on the heels of a similar decline in 2018. For more information about your cookies and how to change your settings, refer to our Privacy Policy.. Latest Insight Into the International Student Market, 2022 Winner of Study a Bachelor's in the USA Scholarship Announced, 2022 Winner of Study a Master's in Europe Scholarship Announced, How to Improve Your Response Rate for International Inquiries, 4 Big Challenges in International Student Recruitment. for more access to ApplyInsights and key industry trends. Of the 33% who are changing plans, the vast majority (86%) still plan to attend a . Trend: Growing disparities. Two-thirds of the drop was due to a sharp decline in students from Saudi Arabia, by far the regions largest supplier of international students and the fourth-largest source market worldwide. Therefore, one of the elements of a sustainable international student enrollment strategy is to be proactive in identifying and cultivating a diverse portfolio of source countries. Both the UK and Canadian markets saw Indian enrollment grow by more than 30% last year. The number of international students in the US fell 1.8% in 2019, on the heels of a similar decline in 2018. In order of importance, survey respondents to the WES survey identified Brazil, Vietnam, Indonesia, and Nigeria as the top four emerging markets to watch over the next three years. They told RNZ this country's handling of the pandemic was not the drawcard the government had expected and recently-announced changes to post-study work rights would hit the . The US is by far the largest international student market in the world, but that market is shrinking. Japanese enrollment also declined significantly, down 2,200 students (5.6%) in 2019. He leads the International Recruitment, Partner Relations, and Marketing teams at ApplyBoard, working to make education accessible to people around the world. International Students Org June 28, 2021. With 4 of the top 10 source countries for international students in the US, East Asia is by far the most significant contributor to the American market. To help take the guesswork out of the process, we designed this current study based on data and research. YTD June 2022 international student data available Read more. Globalization impacts our daily world . Joining in 2017, she has worked with training providers to optimize their marketing campaigns with educations.com, and has specialized in email marketing and graphic design for prospective students. A breakdown by source region of trends in the flow of students to the US, The 10 source countries with the greatest increase in students in 2019, The 10 source countries with the greatest decrease in students in 2019, The full list of the top 25 source countries for international students in the US, and how their student numbers shifted in 2019, All data used in this blog post is courtesy of the US Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Student and Exchange Visitor Information System (SEVIS). However, Indonesian enrollment is now slowly but steadily bouncing back. However, there were several key influencing factors that we were not expecting. According to leading research, there are over 5 million students pursuing education abroad. Admittedly, the paucity of hard data limits a more rigorous forecast and these figures are illustrative of what potential range in values the international education market may provide. Not only is this good for the diversity of international student bodies, but also for U.S. universities looking to collaborate with Brazilian partners. What about short-term, non-degree international programs, including English? In response, and as international students continue to flock to the U.S., top universities such as Harvard and Yale have started to focus on diversifying their student bodies by attracting students of more varied backgrounds from a broader base of countries, and regardless of their financial means. Diversifying international student populations on university campuses, many of which have limited budgets and information resources, is a complex challenge that requires sustainable international student enrollment strategies. A review of the major source countries for international students in the US reinforces the decline that weve seen across so many regions. This was the largest increase among all source countries and was good for 9.0% growth year-over-year. The new playbook for international recruitment. Working with over 4,000 international recruitment partners, ApplyBoard has assisted over 100,000 students in their study abroad journey. Bangladesh and Pakistan bucked the regional trend, growing 4.3% and 2.4%, respectively. This International Student Rental Platforms market report has all the information you need to start or grow your business in the industry. 20 of the top 25 suppliers of international students to the American market sent fewer students in 2019 than 2018. What of test preparation related to international study (TOEFL, IELTS) or other support services such as application processing, essay writing, and agency , foundation or bridging programs to undergraduate study? "Nepalese global outbound students expected to increase by 3.1% CAGR between 2019 and 2025, due to a 58.6% rise in Nepalese households with incomes above the widely viewed $35K threshold," the report reads. the report estimated the 2.9 billion economic cost of international students (from the teaching grant, student support for eu students, and cost of providing public services to students and their dependents) was outweighed by the 28.8 billion brought in through tuition fees, living cost expenditure, and the related knock-on (or 'indirect' and Overall, 404,000 international students saw their study permits take effect in 2019. Just six short months ago . International students and scholars are a vital economic asset, and America's ability to attract them puts the country in an enviable position. Setting the UK up for Long Term Success in International Education, An Interview with Jo Johnson. Published by Erin Duffin , Nov 17, 2021. Much of this decrease came from Thailand, the second-largest source market in the region. On the other hand,the analysis includes only direct revenues associated with international study abroad or through TNE. South Korea posted the biggest decline. Regional labels taken from the United Nations Statistics Division. International students in the United States gain an indepth exposure to American values such as democracy and take those values home to support democracies and free-market economies in their own countries. A more targeted approach can help institutions save time and effort when looking toward emerging markets. Totals include all F-1, M-1, and J-1 student visa holders across study levels. Your nationality should not affect this. In 2019, more than 1.5 million students came to the United States from all across the globe. Large destination markets include China, France, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Spain and Russia. Marketing to International Students At educations.com, we are constantly looking for ways to tap into the international student market in order to understand what inspires students to study abroad. Note: an original version of this post contained a UK revenue figure of $10.7 billion; it should read US$16 billion after currency conversion. Meti Basiri It is a critical time to reflect on how the direction and values of internationalisation have been framed through the ways . International student share of higher-ed population worldwide in 2020, by country. . The recent Open Doors survey conducted by the US Department of State's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs and the Institute of International Education (IIE) in over 700 colleges and universities in the United States reveals that nearly 40,000 international students have chosen to defer their enrollment during the fall semester. Among the 50,049 students who went abroad in 2018, approximately 20% enrolled in Malaysia, 16% in US universities, 14% in UK, 13% in Australian, 6% in German, and 5% in Canadian universities. I am pleased to introduce the Government of Canada's International Education Strategy for 2019-2024. According to 2017 statistics from the National Statistics Office of Canada, 490,775 international students have been studying in 12 provinces and territories of Canada. Comprehensive but affordable, international student health insurance plans are designed to meet visa requirements and provide key coverage that schools want, like mental health, sports and maternity. It should come as no surprise that as the world develops into a more digital direction that so too does students attention. Foreign joint programs offer less reliable data but within the most active TNE host countries, all of which are located in Asia (China, Hong Kong, Malaysia, Mauritius, Thailand, Vietnam),one study foundthat 3,050 foreign programs were in operation at the end of 2013. Effectively engaging in partnerships with local government, universities, and the ministry of education will build pipelines through which U.S. institutions can recruit and retain Brazilian students into the future. Please enter below details to confirm your subscription. According to recent C-BERT datathere are 201 international branch campuses in operation today (of which 77 are US Universities)and another 22 branch campuses under development. The number of international students in China has grown steadily since 2003, with apparently no impact from the rise of terrorism or the 2008 global financial crisis. They are attracted by merit-based scholarships, which help to compensate for the remaining costs of attendance. International students have had a huge economic impact even amid the pandemic, contributing $38.7 billion to the U.S. economy this year and supporting nearly half a million jobs. They must take. They also found that smaller cities (in terms of population) like Hanoi offered them more prospective students than bigger cities like Ho Chi Minh City. What are the most effective strategies and practices for recruiting international students from these emerging markets. By referencing the full report, you will also be able to gather how the decision-making process evolves from when students first start their research compared to when students have already moved abroad and can now reflect on what final factors played the biggest role in their selection. As a word of caution, as more and more agents are coming under public scrutiny, institutions should be cautious when using agents to recruit students from Vietnam. In 2018, more than 721,000 international students studied in Canada, sparking new ideas, strengthening innovation and building people-to-people ties that are crucial to international trade and the global economy. Among these, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Kuwait, and Thailand all experienced double-digit percentage declines. . Strategically developing better scholarship packages will attract more students from Nigeria. It is important to zoom out and look at the big picture when it comes to emerging markets, including economic and education indicators, and then to zoom in to understand the students profiles and needs in each unique context. The market declined 0.6% in 2019, driven by a loss of 2,069 students from India. This is particularly relevant in large host countries such as China, Vietnam and India, and for this reason I have assume significantly lower average tuition of $3,000 per student for foreign programs and $15,000 at branch campuses. Vietnamese students tend to be academically well prepared, but they often lack financial resources. As the numbers of international students grew so did the estimates of the value of the market for particular nations. Second,with historical growth rates over the past decade of between 2 and 3 per cent annually, the projected value in 2025 can be illustrated in two scenarios:moderate growth of 2.5% p.a. Australia's education industry is facing an $8 billion hit from the travel ban on visitors from China as the sector grapples with how to confront the wider effects of the deadly coronavirus. 3. Saudi enrollment at American schools fell by 7,922 students in 2019, a 12.9% decline that was the largest among all source countries worldwide. "In terms of the student market, India is poised and ready. If we group source countries for the US market into larger source regions. Using these assumed growth rates, the projected market value in 2025 is between $119 billion and $139 billion, with a range of $35 billion and $46 billion in revenue generated annually in the United States alone. She's all set to be the largest student market," explained Janaka Pushpanathan, director South India at British Council. The map below shows the number of students from each region who studied in the US in 2019, and the percentage change in the number students from the previous year: that was the largest among all source countries worldwide. Lets examine some of these regions in further detail. Canada offers a society that (generally) is tolerant and not discriminatory. China is now the leading destination . As a price-sensitive country, Indonesian enrollment volume in the U.S. declined until 2010/11 from 2000/01, despite a one-year increase in 2007/08. To determine the top emerging markets for international student recruitment over the next three years, we used a mixed-methods research design to collect data from several primary and secondary sources, and cross-validated the findings in three phases: In the first phase, the selection of countries was based on the average percentage change of international students from 2010/11 to 2013/14 (IIE Open Doors) and an in-depth literature review of these fastest-growing countries.

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